Health in Malawi
Malawi ranks 170th out of 174 in the World Health Organization lifespan tables; 88% of the population live on less than £2.40 per day; and 50% are below the poverty line.[1]
Introduction
Health status
Top 10 causes of death in Malawi
There has been a shift in causes of mortality in many countries over the years. This can be as result of different factors like improved health interventions and access to health care, improved economic and social status and improved knowledge. This has resulted into a shift in the global burden of disease. According to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)[4] the top ten causes of death in Malawi are:[5]
- HIV/AIDS (18.17%)
- Respiratory infections and tuberculosis(12.96%)
- Cardiovascular diseases(11.6%)
- Maternal and neonatal disorders (9.36%)
- Neoplasms(7.8%)
- Enteric infections (6.27%)
- Neglected tropical diseases and malaria (5.76%)
- Digestive diseases(4.34%)
- Other infectious diseases (4.29%)
- Other non-communicable disease (3.99%).[5]
Life expectancy
As of 2018 the estimated average life expectancy at birth in Malawi is at 64 years, with females having a slightly higher life expectancy at 67 years than males at 61.4 years.[6]
Fertility rate
In 2014 Malawi had a total
Infectious diseases
There is a high degree of risk for major infectious diseases, including
HIV/AIDS
In 2013 Malawi had a HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate of 11%.[7] In 2013 there were 920,000 people living with HIV/AIDS, and 51,000 AIDS related deaths.[7] Data indicate that 8.8% of women and men aged 15–49 have HIV and the prevalence is higher among women than men (10.8% versus 6.4%).[9]
Due to the vast scope of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, many Malawian men believe that HIV contraction and death from AIDS are inevitable.[10] Older men in particular often claim that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is a punishment issued by God or other supernatural forces.[10] Other men refer to their own irresponsible sexual behaviors when explaining why they believe that death from AIDS is inevitable.[10]
These men sometimes claim that
However, despite these widespread feelings of fatalism, some men believe that they can avoid HIV contraction by modifying their personal behaviors.
For example, before selecting extramarital sexual partners, men sometimes survey their peers to determine whether their potential partners are likely to have exposed themselves to the virus.
Tuberculosis
It is estimated that there are more than 14% cases of tuberculosis infections worldwide in year with 9 million new cases and nearly 1.7 deaths. In 2014 the incidence of tuberculosis was 227 per 100,000 people in Malawi. The good news is that the incidence is declining by 1.5% each, however the transmission still remains high.[14]
Endemic diseases
Malaria
Malawi has made progress in
Maternal and child healthcare
Maternal health has improved in Malawi due to a number of factors. There has been improvement made in proportion of births attended by skilled professional. The proportion has increased from 54.8% in 1992 to 87.4% in 2014.[16] In addition to that, the maternal mortality is on the decrease though at a slower rate. Since 1990 the maternal mortality ratio has decreased from 1100 deaths per 100,000 people to 510 deaths per 100,000 people in 2013.[17] Improved access to sexual and reproductive health services has also contributed to the improvements in maternal health. Knowledge and of family planning is almost universal in Malawi with 98% of women and nearly 100% of men age 15-49 knowing at least one method of contraception.[18] Child health has also improved in Malawi. According to the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) report, the number of children dying before reaching their fifth birthday has declined, from 234 deaths per 1000 live births in 1992 to 63 deaths per 1000 live births in 2015-16.[18] Child health is an important area to focus our efforts to better the health status because children are the most vulnerable group (especially those below the age of five), and most importantly it is their right to survive and live better lives.[19] In Malawi, the child mortality rate is very high although there has been a decline over the years, from 234 deaths per 1000 live births in 1992 to 63 deaths per 1000 live births in 2015. In addition, the neonatal mortality has gone down to 27 deaths per 1000 live birth in 2004.[18]
Non-communicable diseases
The shift in the burden of disease has led to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) becoming the leading cause of death globally, most of these deaths are due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, or diabetes. Mortality from many NCDs is on the rise worldwide, with a disproportionately larger burden in low-middle income countries (LMICs), where almost 3/4 of deaths globally occur from these causes. As of 2016 NCDs are estimated to account for 31.7% of deaths in Malawi, and the numbers are on the rise in countries throughout sub-Saharan Africa.[20]
Health indicators
The CIA
Conclusion
Malawi still faces a major burden of disease both from communicable and non-communicable diseases. There is indeed progress in trying to combat these problems but a lot need to be done. There will be always problems but the country needs to establish a good way of dealing with the problems that are there, with the available resources, to prevent more loss life from preventable and treatable diseases.
See also
References
- ^ Scott, David (4 July 2017). "Developing pharmacy in Malawi". Pharmaceutical Journal. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ^ WHO. Health Situation Health Policies and Systems. 2017;1–2. Available from: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.cco
- ^ Office NS. MALAWI POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS REPORT-2018 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Main Report. 2019;(May). Available from: http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census Main Report.pdf
- ^ www.healthdata.org
- ^ a b "GBD Compare | IHME Viz Hub".
- ^ "Malawi Country Overview | World Health Organization".
- ^ a b c d "The World Fact Book". Africa:: Malawi. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
- ^ "Malawi". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 2010-02-06.
- ^ Hardy EJ, Anderson BL. Communicable diseases. Semin Reprod Med. 2015;33(1):30–4.
- ^ PMID 15110420.
- PMID 17110008.
- PMID 15550312.
- S2CID 154783763.
- ^ Dunca S, Nimițan E, Ailiesei O, Ștefan M. Tehnica examinării caracterelor morfologice și tinctoriale ale bacteriilor. Microbiol Apl. 2007;70–6.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Malawi" (PDF). President's Malaria Initiative. 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ file:///C:/Users/Bruker1/Downloads/MALAWI%25202014%2520GOVERNMENT%2520MDGs%2520REPORT.pdf [dead link]
- ^ "Gapminder Tools".
- ^ a b c National Statistical Office (NSO) [Malawi] and ICF. Malawi 2015-16 Demographic and Health Survey. DHS Progr [Internet]. 2015; Available from: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR319/FR319.pdf
- ^ "Health".
- ^ Gowshall M, Taylor-Robinson SD. The increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases in low-middle income countries: The view from Malawi. Int J Gen Med. 2018;11:255–64. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.