History of Ottawa
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The history of Ottawa, capital of Canada, [1] was shaped by events such as the construction of the Rideau Canal, the lumber industry, the choice of Ottawa as the location of Canada's capital, as well as American and European influences and interactions. By 1914, Ottawa's population had surpassed 100,000 and today it is the capital of a G7 country whose metropolitan population exceeds one million.
The origin of the name "Ottawa" is derived from the Algonquin word adawe, meaning "to trade". The word refers to the indigenous peoples who used the river to trade, hunt, fish, camp, harvest plants, ceremonies, and for other traditional uses. The first maps made of the area started to name the major river after these peoples.
For centuries, Algonquin people have portaged through the waterways of both the Ottawa River and the Rideau River while passing through the area. French explorer Étienne Brûlé was credited as the first European to see the Chaudière Falls in 1610, and he too had to portage past them to get further inland. No permanent settlement occurred in the area until 1800 when Philemon Wright founded his village near the falls, on the north shore of the Ottawa River.
The construction of the Rideau Canal, spurred by concerns for defense following the War of 1812 and plans made by Lieutenant Colonel John By and Governor General Dalhousie began shortly after September 26, 1826 when Ottawa's predecessor, Bytown was founded. Lt. Colonel John By was an officer of the Royal Engineers commissioned by the British Government in 1826 to superintend the construction of the Rideau Canal.[2]
The founding was marked by a sod turning, and a letter from Dalhousie which authorized Colonel By to divide up the town into lots.[3] The town developed into a site for the timber, and later sawed lumber trade, causing growth so that in 1854, Bytown was created a city and its present name, Ottawa was conferred.[2]
Shortly afterward, Queen Victoria chose Ottawa as the capital of Canada; and the parliament buildings on Parliament Hill were soon completed. Also at this time, increased export sales led it to connect by rail to facilitate shipment to markets especially in the United States. In the early 1900s the lumber industry waned as both supply and demand lessened.
Growth continued in the 20th century, and by the 1960s, the
Indigenous peoples and European exploration
With the draining of the
When Étienne Brûlé in 1610 became the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, followed by Samuel de Champlain in 1613, they were assisted by Algonquin guides.[11][12] Written records show that by 1613 the Algonquins were in control of the Ottawa Valley and the surrounding areas to the west and north.[8]
Champlain wrote about both the
The Algonquin were not the only people in present-day Ontario. During the 17th century, the Algonquians and Hurons fought a bitter war against the
Historical context prior to settlement
The
The
Although the War of 1812 gave Upper Canada some confidence in its ability to defend itself against American intrusion, the threat remained. This led directly to the creation of the military settlements such as Perth, Ontario and the settling of some military regiment families (such as the 100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment) at Richmond, Ontario).[22] By the time of Bytown's founding, Kingston, Ontario, located on the eastern shores of Lake Ontario south-west of Ottawa, had become a naval base of 2849 inhabitants, York's population was 1677,[23] Perth, 1500, and Brockville, another Eastern Ontario town had a population which was nearing 1000. In Lower Canada, Montreal and Quebec City were far larger, each having 22,000 inhabitants.[23]
Settlement
Early settlers
The first major European settlement near Ottawa was founded by
In 1818,[28] a settlement was formed at Richmond Landing, in present-day LeBreton Flats, while Richmond Road, Ottawa's first thoroughfare was being built.[29] Families of the English soldiers who came to create the settlement of Richmond stayed for months at this location which had had a store since 1809 erected by Jehiel Collins, who is credited as the first settler of what would become Bytown.[30][31] In the intervening years, the area would see such settlers as Braddish Billings, Abraham Dow, Ira Honeywell, John LeBreton. and original owner of much of Ottawa's early lands, Nicholas Sparks. Another major landholder was Lieutenant-Colonel John By, who oversaw the construction of the Rideau Canal.
Rideau Canal and growth of Bytown
The first European survey of the Rideau Route, part of an indigenous canoe route that connected the Ottawa River to the St. Lawrence River at Gananoque, was conducted by Lt. Gershom French in 1783. On October 2, 1783, his survey party camped on the shores of the Rideau River at the head of the portage from the Ottawa River that led around Rideau Falls. He described the area as "the soil everywhere good and deep, timbered with Maple, Elm and Butternut".
Dalhousie's letter stated in part: "I take this opportunity of meeting you here to place in your hands a Sketch Plan of several Lots of Lands, which I thought advantageous to purchase for the use of Government, when this Canal was spoken of, as likely to be carried into effect, this not only contains the site for the Head Locks, but they offer a valuable locality for a considerable Village or Town, for the lodging of Artificers and other necessary Essentials, in so great a Work. I would propose that these be correctly surveyed, laid out in lots of 2 or so Acres, to be granted according to the means of settlers and to pay a Government rent of 2/6 per acre annually."[36]
By set up his base of operations in Wright's Town, and began construction of the
The Victoria Brewery was established in 1829, by John Rochester, senior, and James Rochester, in the brewing of ale and porter. By 1866, it was conducted on Richmond Road, by John Rochester, junior.[38] The Chaudiere Brewery, which was established in 1858, was carried on by Parris & Smith by 1865. By 1866, Mr. Sterling operated a brewery at the foot of Rideau Locks while Dr. Doyle operated a brewery on Sussex Street.[39]
A steady stream of Irish immigration to Eastern Ontario (already well underway) in the next few decades,
To manufacture carriages and waggons, Peter Dufour established a carriage works in 1832; The Royal Carriage Factory was established in 1840, by George Humphries; and Wm. Stockdale & Brother's, on Rideau street, was established in 1854. Perkins' Foundry, on Sparks street, was established in 1840, by Lyman Perkins to manufacture steam engines, boilers and mill machinery; The City Foundry was established in 1848, by T. M. Blasdell to manufacture Mill machinery and agricultural implements. James McCullough, established a tannery in 1860 to turn out leather.[38]
Former Bytown mayor and cabinet minister, Richard William Scott recalled that in early 1850,
Neither Wellington, nor the streets south of it, between Elgin and Bank, had been laid out. Sussex was the business thoroughfare, and lots on it and the western ends of Rideau, George, and parallel streets, as far north as St. Patrick Street, commanded the best values. Wellington west of Bank, to Bay Street, was fairly well built up. The Le Breton Flats, extending north-westerly from Pooley's Bridge (in the vicinity of the Water Works building) contained a number of scattered houses.[42]
The Timber trade spurred the growth of Bytown, and it saw an influx of immigrants, and later entrepreneurs hoping to profit from the squared timber that would be floated down the Ottawa River to Quebec.[25][43] Bytown had seen some trouble in the early days, first with the Shiners' War in 1835 to 1845,[44] and the Stony Monday Riot in 1849.[45]
City of Ottawa
The St Lawrence and Ottawa Railway and
In 1841, Upper Canada ceased to exist as present-day southern Quebec joined present-day southern Ontario in the
The Ottawa Citizen newspaper was established in 1844, known originally as the By town Packet.[38]
The sawed lumber industry supplanted the squared timber trade around the time Ottawa was incorporated when an influx of mostly American lumber barons decided that more money could be made if the timber was actually sawed. Mills began to be constructed; some of Canada's largest sawmills were located near the Chaudière Falls. Notable lumber barons in this area were Henry Franklin Bronson and John Rudolphus Booth. The lumber industry contributed to Ottawa's growth, and evidence of it is practically nonexistent today. The major portion of this industry lasted until shortly after the turn of the century, the decline being caused by decreased markets for lumber due to the switch to steel, Britain no longer subsidizing the market, and reduced supplies of uncut timber. During a time of stagnation in manufacturing and a decrease in the city's industrialization, the city would see new government departments being formed and large increases in public service employment following 1900.[48]
Between 1860 and 1876, construction of the parliament buildings took place on Parliament Hill. In 1867, Canada East and Canada West ceased to exist and were replaced with the provinces of
The Ottawa Academy and Young Ladies' Seminary was established on Sparks Street in 1861.[39]
Messrs. Nordhemier & Co. established an agency in 1866 for all kinds of music and musical instruments, under the management of J. L. Orille & Son. Magdalen Asylum, run by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd was established as a religious and charitable society in 1866 on Ottawa street between Gloucester and Chapel.[38]
On April 7, 1868,
Expansion into a major Canadian city
A vast public transportation network was started when
Ottawa became part the transcontinental rail network on June 28, 1886, when
The Hull-Ottawa fire of 1900 destroyed two thirds of Hull, including 40 per cent of its residential buildings and most of its largest employers along the waterfront.[55] The fire also spread across the Ottawa River and destroyed about one fifth of Ottawa from the Lebreton Flats south to Booth Street and down to Dow's Lake.[56]
The Centre Block of the Parliament buildings were destroyed by fire on February 3, 1916.[57] The House of Commons and Senate were temporarily relocated to the recently constructed Victoria Memorial Museum, now the Canadian Museum of Nature.[58] A new Centre Block was completed in 1922, the centrepiece of which is a dominant Gothic revival-styled structure known as the Peace Tower located on Wellington Street.[59]
Confederation Square was created in the late 1930s, and Canada's National War Memorial was erected. It used lands that once contained the prestigious Russell House hotel, the Russell Theatre, and old City Hall, all which succumbed to fire, and the old post office and Knox Presbyterian Church were demolished. A new Central Post Office was erected facing the memorial.
Ottawa's industrial appearance was vastly changed due to the 1940s
Collaboration between the city and NCC's predecessor, the Federal District Commission also led to major water and sewer projects, the construction of the
In the 1960s and 1970s, a building boom vastly changed Ottawa's skyline. Ottawa became one of Canada's largest
Ottawa's city limits had been increasing over the years, but it acquired the most territory on January 1, 2001, when it amalgamated all the municipalities of the
The city's growth led to strains on the public transit system and to bridges. On October 15, 2001, a
In 2001, the city banned smoking in public bars and restaurants. After much debate, Ottawa City Council voted against a motion to ban the cosmetic use of pesticides in 2005. Mayor Larry O'Brien experienced ongoing legal troubles during his tenure and was defeated in the 2010 municipal elections by former mayor Jim Watson.
In 2002, Ottawa was granted its second
See also
- History of Ontario
- History of the Jews in Ottawa
- List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa
- Timeline of Ottawa history
References
- ^ Gordon, David L.A. (2015). Town and Crown: an Illustrated Capital of Canada. University of Ottawa.
- ^ a b c The province of Ontario gazetteer and directory. H. McEvoy Editor and Compiler, Toronto : Robertson & Cook, Publishers, 1869
- ^ a b c Mika 1982.
- ^ William J. Miller (2015). Geology: The Science of the Earth's Crust (Illustrations). P. F. Collier & Son Company. p. 37. GGKEY:Y3TD08H3RAT.
- ^ McMillan & Yellowhorn 2004, p. 103.
- ^ a b Taylor 1986, p. 11.
- ^ "Settlement Along the Ottawa River" (PDF). Ottawa River Heritage Designation Committee (Ontario Ministry of Culture). 2008. p. 1. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ a b Hessel 1987, p. 10.
- ^ Shaw 1998, p. 1.
- ^ Hessel 1987, pp. 2, 10.
- ^ Douglas 2003, p. 88.
- ^ Matthews 1987, p. 82.
- ^ The inscription 'Sault' means waterfall or rapids in early French
- ^ Woods 1980, p. 5.
- ^ Brault 1946, pp. 38, 39.
- ^ Legget 1986, p. 36.
- ^ a b Greening 1961, p. 5.
- ^ a b Haig 1975, p. 46.
- ^ "The Ottawa River — Route to the Interior – National Capital Commission ::". Canadascapital.gc.ca. 2005-12-05. Archived from the original on 2007-01-08. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
- ^ Mika 1982, p. 12.
- ^ Woods 1980, p. 31.
- ^ Schrauwers 2009, p. 44.
- ^ a b Legget 1986, p. 23.
- ^ a b Lee 2006, p. 16.
- ^ a b Van de Wetering 1997, p. 11.
- ^ Mika 1982, pp. 18.
- ^ Brault 1946, p. 304.
- ^ Brault 1946, p. 55.
- ^ Haig 1975, p. 53.
- ^ Haig 1975, p. 50.
- ^ Woods 1980.
- ^ Watson, Ken W. (2007). The Rideau Route, Exploring the Pre-Canal Waterway. Elgin: Ken W. Watson. p. 75.
- ^ Mika 1982, p. 50.
- ^ a b Brault 1946, p. 48.
- ^ Haig 1975, p. 34.
- ^ Watson, Ken W. (2000). A History of the Rideau Lockstations. Smiths Falls: Friends of the Rideau. p. 12.
- ^ Pentland 1981, p. 52.
- ^ a b c d Ottawa City and counties of Carleton and Russell Directory, 1866-7
- ^ a b Mitchell & Co's County of Carleton and Ottawa City Directory for 1864–5; Toronto: W.C. Chewett & Co, 1864
- ^ Keshen & St-Onge 2001, p. 226.
- ^ Pentland 1981, p. 120.
- ^ Scott 1911.
- ^ Lee 2006, p. 21.
- ^ "The Shiners' War" (PDF). Workers' Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2010-08-26.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Martin 1997, p. 22.
- ^ Brault 1946, p. 190.
- ^ a b Brault 1946, p. 19.
- ^ Taylor 1986, p. 120.
- ^ "An Act respecting certain Works on the Ottawa River" (S.C. 1870, c. 24)
- ^ a b Woods 1980, p. 140.
- ^ a b Van de Wetering 1997, p. 28.
- ^ "Ottawa History – 1886–1890". Bytown Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
- ^ Van de Wetering 1997, p. 123.
- ^ Van de Wetering 1997, p. 41.
- ^ "Report of the Ottawa and Hull Fire Relief Fund, 1900, Ottawa" (PDF). The Rolla L. Crain Co (Archive CD Books Canada). December 31, 1900. pp. 5–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
- ^ Van de Wetering 1997, pp. 57.
- ^ Hale 2011, p. 108.
- ^ Mullington 2005, p. 120.
- ^ Reader's Digest Association (Canada)2004, p. 40.
- ^ a b Taylor 1986, pp. 186–194.
- ^ "Interprovincial Crossings – Liaisons interprovinciales – Home". Ncrcrossings. Archived from the original on 2011-10-13. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ "City of Ottawa – Interprovincial Bridges". City of Ottawa. 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- Bibliography
- Bond, Courtney C. J. (1984), Where Rivers Meet: An Illustrated History of Ottawa, Windsor Publications, ISBN 0-89781-111-9
- Brault, Lucien (1946), Ottawa Old and New, Ottawa historical information Institute, OCLC 2947504
- Bumsted, J. m. (1998), A history of the Canadian peoples, Toronto: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-541200-1
- Martin, Carol (1997), Ottawa: a colourguide, Formac Publishing Company, ISBN 978-0-88780-396-3
- Champlain, Samuel de, Charles-Honoré Cauchon Laverdière (1870), Œuvres de Champlain: Les voyages dv sievr de..., Seconde édition, Tome III, Québec: Université Laval, Open library OL18946744M, retrieved 28 August 2011
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Conroy, Peter (2002), Our Canal: the Rideau Canal in Ottawa, General Store Pub. House, ISBN 1-894263-63-4, archived from the originalon 2012-11-09, retrieved 2016-10-11
- Dodwell, Henry (1929), The Cambridge history of the British Empire, CUP Archive, GGKEY:RPCX9953HTH, retrieved 27 May 2011
- Douglas, Gail (2003), Étienne Brûlé: The Mysterious Life and Times of an Early Canadian Legend, Canmore, Alberta: Altitude Publishing Canada, ISBN 1-55153-961-6
- Gordon, David L.A (2015), 'Town and Crown: An Illustrated History of Canada’s Capital', Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, ISBN 1927465265
- Finnigan, Joan (1981). Giants of Canada's Ottawa Valley. GeneralStore PublishingHouse. ISBN 978-0-919431-00-3.
- Greening, W. e. (1961), The Ottawa, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, OCLC 25441343
- Haig, Robert (1975), Ottawa: City of the Big Ears, Ottawa: Haig and Haig Publishing Co.
- Hale, James (2011). Frommer's Ottawa. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-68158-9. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- Hessel, Peter D. K. (1987), The Algonkin Tribe, Arnprior, Ontario: Kichesippi Books, ISBN 0-921082-01-0
- Hill, Hamnett P. (1919), Robert Randall and the Le Breton Flats, Ottawa: James Hope and Sons, OL 24156410M
- Keshen, Jeff; St-Onge, Nicole (2001), Ottawa: Making a Capital, Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, ISBN 0-7766-0521-6
- Lee, David (2006), Lumber kings & shantymen : logging and lumbering in the Ottawa Valley, James Lorimer & Company, ISBN 978-1-55028-922-0
- Legget, Robert (1986), Rideau Waterway, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0-8020-6591-0
- MacKay, Robert W. S. (1851), The Canada Directory, Montreal: John Lovell, OL 23283869M
- Matthews, Geoffrey J. (1987), Historical atlas of Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-2495-4
- McMillan, Alan Daniel; Yellowhorn, Eldon (2004), First peoples in Canada, Douglas & McIntyre, ISBN 978-1-55365-053-9, retrieved 8 July 2011
- Mika, Nick & Helma (1982), Bytown: The Early Days of Ottawa, Belleville, Ont: Mika Publishing Company, ISBN 0-919303-60-9
- Mika, Nick & Helma (1985), The Shaping of Ontario: From Exploration to Confederation, Belleville, Ont: Mika Publishing Company, ISBN 0-919303-93-5
- Mullington, Dave (2005), Chain of office: biographical sketches of the early mayors of Ottawa (1847–1948), General Store Publishing House, ISBN 978-1-897113-17-2, retrieved 27 May 2011
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- Scott, R. w. (1911), Recollections of Bytown, Ottawa: Mortimer Press, OL 24388430M
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- Shaw, S. Bernard (1998), Lake Opeongo: Untold Stories of Algonquin Park's Largest Lake, General Store Publishing House, ISBN 978-1-896182-82-7
- Taylor, John H. (1986), Ottawa: An Illustrated History, J. Lorimer, ISBN 978-0-88862-981-4
- Van de Wetering, Marion (1997), An Ottawa album: glimpses of the way we were, Dundurn Press Ltd., ISBN 978-0-88882-195-9
- Woods, Shirley E. Jr. (1980), Ottawa: The Capital of Canada, Toronto: Doubleday Canada, ISBN 0-385-14722-8
External links
- History of Ottawa – City of Ottawa
- Ancient history of the Ottawa Valley – Canadian Museum of Civilization
- History of Ottawa – Bytown Museum
- History of the canal – Virtual Museum of Canada
- One Room Schoolhouses in Ottawa