Centre Block
Centre Block | |
---|---|
General information | |
Architectural style | Gothic Revival |
Town or city | Ottawa, Ontario |
Country | Canada |
Coordinates | 45°25′30″N 75°42′00″W / 45.425°N 75.700°W |
Construction started | 24 July 1916 (original building constructed 1859) |
Completed | 1 July 1927 |
Client | The Queen in Right of the United Kingdom (1859) The King in Right of Canada (1916) |
Owner | The King in Right of Canada |
Design and construction | |
Architect(s) | John A. Pearson and Jean-Omer Marchand |
The Centre Block (
Built in the
Characteristics
Designed by
The Centre Block houses offices and facilities, including the
Confederation Hall
The Centre Block is arranged symmetrically around Confederation Hall, located immediately inside the main entrance. It is an octagonal chamber, the perimeter of which is divided by limestone clustered columns into eight bays of two different sizes, themselves subdivided by dark green syenite pillars. Behind these runs a vaulted ambulatory that supports the upper gallery. The arcaded arches are topped by gables sculpted to commemorate the confederated nature of Canada and they support one side of the hall's fan vaulted ceiling with carved bosses, while the other side rests on a single column in the centre of the room. This column is borne on a stone carved with an image of Neptune amongst sea lions and fish in a mythical sea. It was placed at noon on 2 July 1917, to mark the 50th anniversary of Confederation,[6] and above it was carved the words:
1867 JULY 1917 ON THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE CONFEDERATION OF BRITISH COLONIES IN NORTH AMERICA AS THE DOMINION OF CANADA THE PARLIAMENT AND PEOPLE DEDICATE THIS BUILDING IN PROCESS OF RECONSTRUCTION AFTER DAMAGE BY FIRE AS A MEMORIAL OF THE DEEDS OF THEIR FOREFATHERS AND OF THE VALOUR OF THOSE CANADIANS WHO IN THE GREAT WAR FOUGHT FOR THE LIBERTIES OF CANADA, OF THE EMPIRE AND OF HUMANITY.[7]
Around the central column is an inlaid marble floor with a 16-point
Though a design model of the room was presented as early as January 1918, Confederation Hall was the last part of the Centre Block's interior to be completed; the Missisquoi black marble base was laid on 11 August 1921 and the Tyndall limestone vault—built from a full scale wood and plaster model—was completed in December of the following year.[6] Still, the detailed carving, the designs for which had been finalised by Cléophas Soucy in 1941, remained incomplete until 1953, due to occurrence of the Second World War. Upon completion of this work, the tympanums were adorned with the coats of arms of Canada and the provinces, each surrounded by relevant floral symbols: on the east wall thistles for Nova Scotia, Tudor roses for Prince Edward Island, and grapes and apples for New Brunswick; on the south wall lilies, maple leaves, and Tudor roses for Newfoundland and Labrador, pine cones, oak leaves, and acorns for Nunavut, and maple leaves for British Columbia; on the west wall grapevines and apples for Saskatchewan, sunflowers, corn, and wheat for Alberta, and wheat and pine cones for Manitoba; and on the west wall sunflowers, wheat, and corn for Ontario, pine cones, oak leaves, and acorns for Canada, and Tudor roses for Quebec. The remaining territorial coats of arms are located in the southeast (Northwest Territories) and southwest (Yukon) corners. The gable springers all display the coats of arms of the provincial and territorial capitals, while the gable ramparts bear symbols of Canada's fauna.
The
Hall of Honour
Extending from Confederation Hall is the Centre Block's north to south axis, running between the
The north end of the hall is crossed on both levels by the Centre Block's north corridor, with an overlooking gallery lined by iron railings by Paul Beau.[12] The Hall of Honour was intended to be a gallery where statues of notable Canadians would be arranged in the niches along each side. That plan was later abandoned in favour of a more general purpose of commemorating the 1916 fire, as well as honouring those who participated in the Great War. The sculptures remain incomplete; only the north end, closest to the Library of Parliament, has completed carvings. The largest of these stone sculptures is a
Senate chamber
In Centre Block's east wing is the
The Senate chamber's overall colour is red, seen in the upholstery, carpeting, and draperies, and reflecting the colour scheme of the
On the chamber's east and west walls are eight
Senate foyer
To the Senate's immediate south is that room's foyer, a double height space surrounded by a double layered
Above the exterior entrance into the foyer is a
The foyer walls bear portraits of Canada's past and present monarchs; those of Queen Elizabeth II and Queen Victoria are originals; the portrait of Queen Victoria by John Partridge has notably been rescued four times from fire,[31][32] while others were added after the new Centre Block was built.[15]
Commons chamber
The building's western wing contains the House of Commons chamber, along with its antechamber and lobbies for the government and opposition, on the east and west sides of the main commons space. The doors to all are of
The chamber is 21 metres long, 16 metres wide,[33] and has seats for 320 members of parliament and 580 persons in the upper gallery that runs around the room's second level.[34] The overall colour scheme is in green—visible in the carpeting, bench upholstery, draperies, paint within the gilded honeycomb cork plaster work of the cove, and the stretched linen canvas over the ceiling—and is reflective of the colour used in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom since at least 1663.[33] That canvas, sitting 14.7 m above the commons floor and designed in 1920 by the New York decorating firm Mack,[33] Jenney and Tyler, is painted with the heraldic symbols of the Canadian, provincial, and territorial coats of arms, with medallions at the intersections of diagonal stencilled bands in an argyle pattern. Running below this, and above the cove, is a continuous gold leaf cornice created in 1919 by Ferdinand Anthony Leonard Cerracchio (1888–1964), which displays a row of gilt figures, broken at the peak of each pointed arch by cherubs holding a cartouche, and behind all of which runs a painted grapevine with Tudor roses.[35]
On the floor, the opposing members' benches are spaced 3.96 m apart on either side of the room, a measurement said to be equivalent to two swords' length, harkening back to when English members of parliament carried swords into the chamber. Directly between, directly opposite the main door, on the chamber's axis, is the
In the commons chamber's east and west walls are 12 windows topped by pointed arches with
As with other areas of the Centre Block, the commons walls are enriched with shafts, blind
With the closure of Centre Block for renovations in December 2018, the Commons chamber was relocated to nearby West Block.
Commons foyer
Directly south of the House of Commons is that room's foyer, a rectangular, two storey arcaded hall surrounded by clustered limestone piers and moulded arches that support an upper cloister lined with black marble posts. The foyer is approached from Confederation Hall by the South Corridor, which is lined with portraits of former prime ministers,[33] as well as via an entrance hall that opens to the front of the Centre Block and which is separated from the foyer by a Rose Tavernelle marble balustrade. The floor of the commons foyer is of Missisquoi Boulder Grey marble with borders of Verde Antique serpentine.[citation needed]
The walls bear a series of 10 bas-relief panels showing 25,000 years of Canada's history and,
Railway Committee Room and Reading Room
The Railway Committee Room is situated to the east of and accessed from the Hall of Honour. It is a double height space done in a
It is used by the official Opposition party for meetings, as well as by various committees. The current room dates from 1916 and replaced the same that existed in the 1866 Centre Block and was named for the 166 member Railway Committee that once met in it. That space also served as home to the Supreme Court of Canada from 1876 to 1889.[43]
Directly across the Hall of Honour is the Reading Room,[43] where the governing party's caucus meets. It is in a similar architectural style to the Railway Room, except between its pillasters are Art Nouveau murals.
Other spaces
On the Centre Block's east side, near the Senate foyer and used as a meeting room for senators, is the Salon de la Francophonie, dedicated to Canada's membership in the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. The space is in a Tudor Gothic Revival style, with oak panelling carved with tracery, exposed wood beams, and textured plaster, as well as bosses carved into flowers, human faces, and gargoyles. A limestone fireplace is flamked by reading nooks with half-vaulted canopies.
It was originally used as a smoking room until, in 1992, the Canadian wing of the
History
On 7 May 1859, the
The groundbreaking took place on 20 December 1859; however, workers soon hit
[I]t will be the first occasion on which he will be publicly recognized as the Heir-Apparent and he will see in the demonstrations of the Canadians something of a political rather than of a personal and individual character[...] in after, when he occupies a more elevated position he will gratefully remember that his 'first appearance' as the representative of sovereign power and the warmth of feeling evinced towards him will make him more disposed to redress any grievances of the Canadians and more anxious to give his support to measures calculated to promote the prosperity of that country.[47]
By 1866, the United Province of Canada's parliament (Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and Legislative Council of the Province of Canada) sat in its first and only session in the new building, by then dominated by the central Victoria Tower on the formal front, and with an articulated rear façade shaped along the curves of the adjacent cliff. The stonework contained carved mouldings, sculpted foliage, real and mythical animals, grotesques, and emblems of France, England, Ireland, and Scotland, spread across and over pointed windows in various groupings, turrets, towers, and finials, while the roof was of grey and green slate, topped with iron cresting painted china blue with gilt tips.[48] Beautiful as the building was, the final tallies of the costs showed the original budget had been far surpassed, with the total price of the Centre Block being $1,373,633, at 1866 rates, when $1,093,500 had originally been allocated for the construction of the entire parliamentary precinct.[47]
On 1 July 1867, the Dominion of Canada was formed, with Ottawa as the capital, and the houses of parliament the legislature, for a larger territory than for which they had originally been built; within four years, the Dominion stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. From 1906 to 1914, the Centre Block was expanded to suit the additional members of parliament and staff from the newly formed provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.[48]
Great fire
A fire alarm was raised in the Centre Block on 3 February 1916, at 8:37 pm; something had been seen smouldering in a wastepaper basket in the Reading Room, but as that was not terribly unusual, a clerk was called to assist. However, by that point, the fire had progressed beyond control in the wood-panelled and paper-filled room. The House of Commons was in session that evening and was interrupted by the chief doorkeeper of the Commons calling for evacuation.
Some women in the gallery, unaware of the urgency, attempted to reclaim their fur coats from the coat check and perished. Others, meanwhile, formed a human chain to carry furniture, files, and artwork out of the burning structure; the portrait of Queen Victoria in the commons chamber was rescued from flames for the second time after the 1849 burning of the Parliament buildings in Montreal. Half an hour after the fire started came the first of five explosions,[49] and, shortly after midnight, the large bell in the Victoria Tower crashed to the ground; it had tolled each hour until midnight, when, after ringing eleven times, it ceased to function.[49] When the fire crews thought that the inferno had been quelled, flames emerged in the Senate chamber.
Within twelve hours, the building was completely destroyed, except for the Library of Parliament, spared by the closing of its heavy metal doors. Bowman Brown Law was the only member of parliament who died in the fire. The Cabinet immediately moved to meet at the nearby Château Laurier hotel [50] while parliament itself relocated to the Victoria Memorial Museum Building.[51]
With the fire occurring during the
Rebuilding
Reconstruction of the Centre Block began immediately, with a team of architects led by John A. Pearson and Jean-Omer Marchand overseeing a design much like the original, but expanded in size and pared down in ornament, more in keeping with the Beaux-Arts ethos of the time. By 1 September 1916, less than seven months after the fire, the original cornerstone was relaid by the then governor general, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, exactly 56 years after his brother, the future King Edward VII, had done the same. The new building was to be constructed with a steel frame, and an interior predominantly finished in stone, as well as with a more logical layout and clear exiting strategy.[53]
During the reconstruction, the House of Commons and Senate sat at the Victoria Memorial Museum Building.
On 26 January 1920, the first sitting of parliament in the new Centre Block was opened by Governor General the Duke of Devonshire. However, the ceremony was also exceptional for the fact that it took place in the House of Commons, rather than the Senate, as the latter had not yet been constructed. Similarly, the corridors and main chambers were still devoid of their decorative carvings, which would be completed over the ensuing fifty years, and it was not until Dominion Day of 1927 that the Peace Tower was dedicated by Governor General the Viscount Willingdon.[53]
Recent history
This section needs to be updated.(January 2022) |
On 18 May 1966, Paul Joseph Chartier killed himself as he left a Centre Block washroom by accidentally detonating the bomb he had been preparing to throw onto the floor of the House of Commons from the public galleries to, as he put it in his notes, "exterminate as many members as possible." The building's security was heightened; however, tests of this by journalism students that November proved the precautions had been little improved.[54] Later, in 1989, Charles Yacoub hijacked a Greyhound Lines bus and drove it up onto Parliament Hill.
By the 1990s, it was deemed necessary for an upgrade to be made to the Centre Block's mechanical and electrical systems, which would necessitate a new plant for these amenities. To avoid disturbing the building's heritage façades and spaces, as well as erecting new structures within the parliamentary precinct, the two storey, 50 m × 40 m (160 ft × 130 ft) square plant and new loading docks, called Centre Block Underground Services (CBUS), were constructed underground, seeing, in 1997, the removal of 25,000 m3 (883,000 cu ft) of rock from under and near the Centre Block.[55][56]
Several shooting incidents occurred on 22 October 2014 around Parliament Hill and in the Centre Block, primarily in the Hall of Honour. Michael Zehaf-Bibeau,[57] after fatally shooting Corporal Nathan Cirillo, a soldier mounting the guard of honour at the National War Memorial, made his way to Parliament Hill and to the Centre Block.[58] There, he engaged in a firefight with Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons Kevin Vickers and members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, which ended when he was killed by RCMP Constable Curtis Barrett.[59][60]
Future upgrades have led to extensive internal renovations, including both parliamentary chambers and associated areas. As this would cause a multi-year disruption, plans were made to enclose the
Public access
About 355,000 visitors tour the Centre Block each year.[64] Guided, free daily tours are conducted year-round by the Library of Parliament and include an opportunity to visit the Peace Tower.[65][66] Visitors are able to "discover the history, functions and art of Canada’s Parliament",[67] and curriculum-based tours are available to school groups.[68] The federal Crown is constructing an underground welcome centre, expected to open in June 2017.[64] As of December 2017, all excavation is complete, and exterior construction started in May 2017. Finishing the face and interior work will signal the end of the project. The completion date has been set to the Fall of 2018 or earlier.[69] The first phase, the Visitor Welcome Centre opened in January of 2019. Construction is underway (as of October 2023) on the second phase of the project, the Parliament Welcome Centre, which will link the East, Centre, and West blocks into a single, interconnected complex. It is also expected to provide additional operating space for Parliament's activities. [70]
See also
References
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