History of psychotherapy

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Although modern, scientific psychology is often dated from the 1879 opening of the first psychological clinic by

mental disorders were generally treated as demonic or medical conditions requiring punishment and confinement until the advent of moral treatment
approaches in the 18th century. This brought about a focus on the possibility of psychosocial intervention—including reasoning, moral encouragement and group activities—to rehabilitate the "insane".

In the 19th century, one could have ones head examined, literally, using

Phineas Quimby's "mental healing" technique that was very like modern concept of "positive visualization" were also popular. By 1832 psychotherapy made its first appearance in fiction with a short story by John Neal titled "The Haunted Man."[5]

While the scientific community eventually came to reject all of these methods, academic psychologists also were not concerned with serious forms of mental illness. That area was already being addressed by the developing fields of

moral therapy.[1] It wasn't until the end of the 19th century, around the time when Sigmund Freud was first developing his "talking cure" in Vienna, that the first scientifically clinical application of psychology began—at the University of Pennsylvania, to help children with learning disabilities
.

Although clinical psychologists originally focused on psychological assessment, the practice of psychotherapy, once the sole domain of psychiatrists, became integrated into the profession after the

psychodynamic therapy
, which includes the various therapies based on Freud's essential principle of making the unconscious conscious.

In the 1920s,

B.F. Skinner. Because behaviorism denied or ignored internal mental activity, this period represents a general slowing of advancement within the field of psychotherapy.[7]

Wilhelm Reich began to develop body psychotherapy in the 1930s.[citation needed]

Starting in the 1950s, two main orientations evolved independently in response to behaviorism—

Person-centered psychotherapy of Carl Rogers
. These orientations all focused less on the unconscious and more on promoting positive, holistic change through the development of a supportive, genuine, and empathic therapeutic relationship. Rollo May, Carl Rogers, and Irvin Yalom acknowledge the influence of Otto Rank (1884–1939), Freud's acolyte, then critic.

During the 1950s,

Aaron T. Beck developed cognitive therapy. Both of these included therapy aimed at changing a person's beliefs, by contrast with the insight-based approach of psychodynamic therapies or the newer relational approach of humanistic therapies. Cognitive and behavioral approaches were combined during the 1970s, resulting in Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).[8]
Being oriented towards symptom-relief, collaborative empiricism and modifying core beliefs, this approach has gained widespread acceptance as a primary treatment for numerous disorders.

Since the 1970s, other major perspectives have been developed and adopted within the field. Perhaps the two biggest have been

Expressive therapy, and applied Positive psychology. Clinical psychology in Japan developed towards a more integrative socially-orientated counseling methodology. Practice in India developed from both traditional metaphysical and ayurvedic systems and Western methodologies.[10]

Since 1993, the American Psychological Association Division 12 Task Force has created and revised a list of empirically supported psychological treatments for specific disorders.

eclectic
orientation. This integrative movement attempts to combine the most effective aspects of all the schools of practice.

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4051-3206-0
  2. ^ T. Clifford and Samuel Wiser (1984), Tibetan buddhist medicine and psychiatry
  3. ^ Afzal Iqbal and A. J. Arberry, The Life and Work of Jalaluddin Rumi, p. 94.
  4. ^ Rumi (1995) cited in Zokav (2001), p.47.
  5. ISBN 080-5-7723-08
    .
  6. PMID 12891691
    .
  7. ISBN 0-306-44877-7
  8. ^
    ISBN 1-56032-188-1
  9. ISBN 9781135358426
    .
  10. ISBN 0-19-856689-1
  11. PMID 9489259
    .
  12. ^ Chambless D. L.; Sanderson W. C.; Shoham V.; Bennett Johnson S.; Pope K. S.; Crits-Christoph P.; Baker M.; Johnson B.; Woody S. R.; Sue S.; Beautler L.; Williams D. A.; McCurry S. (1996). "An update on empirically validated therapies". Clinical Psychologist. 49: 5–18.
  13. ^ Chambless D.; Baker M. J.; Baucom D. H.; Beutler L. E.; Calhoun K. S.; Crits-Christoph P.; Daiuto A.; DeRubeis R.; Detweiler J.; Haaga D. A. F.; Johnson S. B.; McCurry S.; Mueser K. T.; Pope K. S.; Sanderson W.; Shoham V.; Stickle T.; Williams D. A.; Woody S. R. (1998). "Update on empirically validated therapies: II". Clinical Psychologist. 51: 3–16.
  14. S2CID 24176625
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  15. ^ Wampold, B. E. Ollendick, T. H. King, N. J. (2006). Do therapies designated as empirically supported treatments for specific disorders produce outcomes superior to non-empirically supported treatment therapies? In J.C. Norcross L.E. Beutler R.F. Levant (Eds.), Evidence-based practices in mental health: Debate and dialogue on the fundamental issues (pp. 299–328). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  16. PMID 12832233
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  17. S2CID 142840311
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Further reading
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