Honky-tonk
A honky-tonk (also called honkatonk, honkey-tonk, or tonk) is both a
The origin of the term "honky-tonk" is disputed, originally referring to
) and to the actual theaters showing them.The first
.Etymology
The origin of the term honky-tonk is unknown. The earliest known use in print is an article in the Peoria Journal dated June 28, 1874, stating, "The police spent a busy day today raiding the bagnios and honkytonks."[1]
There are subsequent citations from 1890 in The Dallas Morning News,[2][page needed] 1892 in the Galveston Daily News (Galveston, Texas)[3] (which used the term to refer to an adult establishment in Fort Worth), and in 1894 in The Daily Ardmoreite in Oklahoma.[4] Early uses of the term in print mostly appear along a corridor roughly coinciding with cattle drive trails extending from Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas, into south central Oklahoma, suggesting that the term may have been a localism spread by cowboys driving cattle to market. The sound of honky-tonk (or honk-a-tonk) and the types of places that were called honky-tonks suggests that the term may be an onomatopoeic reference to the loud, boisterous music and noise heard at these establishments.
One theory is that the "tonk" portion of the name may have come from the brand name of piano made by William Tonk & Bros., an American manufacturer of large upright pianos[5][page needed] (established 1881),[6] which made a piano with the decal "Ernest A. Tonk". The Tonk brothers, William and Max, established the Tonk Bros. Manufacturing Company in 1873, so such an etymology is possible,[7][8] however, these pianos were not manufactured until 1889, at which point the term seems to have already been established.[9]
An early source purporting to explain the derivation of the term (spelled honkatonk) was an article published in 1900 by the New York Sun and widely reprinted in other newspapers.[10] The article, however, reads more like a humorous urban (or open range) legend or fable, so its veracity is questionable.
History
An article in the Los Angeles Times of July 28, 1929, with the headline "'Honky-Tonk' Origin Told", which was probably in response to the Sophie Tucker movie musical, Honky Tonk (1929), reads:
Do you know what a honky tonk is?
Seafaring men of a few years ago knew very well, as the honky-tonks of San Francisco's Barbary Coast constituted perhaps the most vivid spots in their generally uneventful lives.
The name originated on the Barbary Coast and was applied to the low "dives" which formed so great a part of this notorious district. In these establishments, which were often of enormous size, much liquor was dispensed at the tables which crowded the floor, and entertainment of doubtful quality was given on a stage at one end of the room.
The honky tonk, as a matter of fact, was the predecessor of the present-day cabaret or night club, the principal differences being that the prices were lower and that the former establishment made no pretense of "class."[11]
In this context of the term’s meaning and its possible origin, an example from roughly the same period is the
Honky-tonks were rough establishments, providing country music in the
As Chris Smith and Charles McCarron wrote in their 1916 hit song "Down in Honky Tonk Town", "It's underneath the ground, where all the fun is found."
Origins of the establishment
Although the derivation of the term is unknown, honky tonk originally referred to bawdy variety shows in the
In recollections long after the frontiers closed, writers such as
As late as 1913, Col. Edwin Emerson, a former Rough Rider commander, hosted a honky-tonk party in New York City.[17] The Rough Riders were recruited from the ranches of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Indian Territories, so the term was still in popular use during the Spanish–American War.
Music
The honky-tonk sound has a full rhythm section playing a two-beat rhythm with a crisp backbeat. Steel guitar and fiddle are the dominant instruments.[18]
The first music genre to be commonly known as honky-tonk music was a style of piano playing related to ragtime but emphasizing rhythm more than melody or harmony; the style evolved in response to an environment in which the pianos were often poorly cared for, tending to be out of tune and having some nonfunctioning keys.
Honky-tonk music influenced the boogie-woogie piano style, as indicated by Jelly Roll Morton's 1938 record "Honky Tonk Music" and Meade Lux Lewis's hit "Honky Tonk Train Blues." Lewis recorded the latter many times from 1927 into the 1950s, and the song was covered by many other musicians, including Oscar Peterson.
The
In the years before World War II, the music industry began to refer to honky-tonk music played from Texas and Oklahoma to the West Coast as
Copyrighted and released in 1941, "Walking the Floor Over You", by Ernest Tubb,[19][20] his sixth release for Decca,[21] helped establish the honky-tonk style and Tubb as one of its foremost practitioners.[22] Tubb, from Crisp, Texas, was a fan of Jimmie Rodgers and fused Western swing, which had been using electric guitars for years, with other "country" sounds.[23]
He took the sound to Nashville, where he was the first musician to play
The Rolling Stones' number-one single and gold record "Honky Tonk Women" (1969) was based on the sound of 1940s honky-tonk artists like Hank Williams[24] and referred to the reputation of honky-tonk bars as centres of prostitution.[25] In the 1970s, outlaw country's brand of rough honky-tonk was represented by artists such as Gary Stewart, Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, David Allan Coe, and Billy Joe Shaver.
See also
- Dive bar
- Juke joint
- List of public house topics
- The Honky Tonk Man
- Country music
- Honky
References
- ^ Underworld – Women (PDF), “Peoriana” collection, Peoria Public Library, pp. 2335–2342
- ^ The Dallas Morning News (Dallas, Texas), August 6, 1890: "Myself and him set and talked awhile and he got up and said he wanted to go to the honk-a-tonk (variety show)."
- ^ Galveston Daily News, July 26, 1892, p. 6: "Fort Worth, Tex. (...) A youth named Goodman, who arrived here from Wilbarger county entered Andrews' honkatonk on Fifteenth street and was ordered out on account of his age." (Honky Tonk (Not from Tonk Pianos), retrieved July 9, 2006)
- ^ The Daily Ardmoreite (Oklahoma), February 26, 1894, p. 2, col. 1. (Oklahoma Historical Society, Microfilm #110). "The honk-a-tonk last night was well attended by ball heads, bachelors and leading citizens. Most of them are inclined to kick themselves this morning for being sold."
- ^ Pierce, Pierce Piano Atlas.
- ^ "Piano Manufacturers New York State 1789–1911". Sweeneypiano.com.
- OCLC 713358409.
- ^ Tonk, William (January 21, 2019). "Memoirs of a Manufacturer". Presto. Retrieved January 21, 2019 – via Google Books.
- ^ "World Wide Words: Honky-tonk". World Wide Words. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
- ^ Reno Evening Gazette (Nevada), February 3, 1900, p. 2, col. 5.
- ^ "'Honky-Tonk' Origin Told".(subscription required) Los Angeles Times. July 28, 1929. p. 16.
- ^ https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0024166/soundtrack/?ref_=tttr_ql_trv_7
- ISBN 0-87722-613-X.
- ^ The Daily Oklahoman, Sunday, September 5, 1915, p. 1., col. 1. "There is scarcely an old-time gambler in the United States who does not remember the Reeves gambling house and 'honkytonk' in Guthrie. ... a stage and rows of curtained boxes, was built as an addition for the purposes of a free-and-easy variety show."
- ^ Reno Evening Gazette (Nevada), February 3, 1900, pg. 2, col. 5. "The programme is made up largely of specialties. Whatever the feeling of a long-suffering public, the honkatonk vocalists never will permit 'Sweet Rosie O'Grady' and 'Just One Girl' to perish from the earth, and coon songs are sung as May Irwin never did and never will sing them. Always at least one drama is presented, the entire company, vocalists, dancers and all, participating. Among the most popular plays are 'The Dalton Boys' and 'Mildred, the She-Devil of the Plains,' for the old traditions still are respected to a certain extent, though the participation of the audience is no longer solicited."
- ^ Hunter, Trail Drivers of Texas, p. 832 Archived July 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine: "I went to Dodge City, the honkatonk town, cleaned up an bought a suit of clothes, and left for San Antonio, reaching home July 1, 1885."
- ^ "Col. Emerson's Novel Party; Rough Rider Veteran Gives 'Old Forty-niners' Honky-Tonk Fandango'". The New York Times, February 23, 1913. p. C7
- ISBN 9780840029768
- ^ "Walking The Floor Over You" Sheet Music by George IV Hamilton, SheetMusicNow.com
- ^ Ernest Tubb, Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
- ^ Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum http://countrymusichalloffame.org/%7Bstash:permalink%7D [permanent dead link]
- ISBN 0-252-06538-7.
- ISBN 978-1556527470
- ISBN 0-02-864899-4.
- ISBN 0-313-32970-2.
Bibliography
- Abbott, E.C. (2000). We Pointed Them North: Recollections of a Cowpuncher. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1366-9.
- American Dialect Society (2005). "Honkatonk (1900, from wild geese?)". American Dialect Society. Retrieved July 16, 2006.
- Boyd, Jean Ann (1998). Jazz of the Southwest: An Oral History of Western Swing. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70860-2.
- Dary, David (1989). Cowboy Culture: A Saga of Five Centuries. University Press of Kansas. Reprint ed. ISBN 0-7006-0390-5.
- Hunter, J. Marvin (ed.) (1993). Trail Drivers of Texas: Interesting Sketches of Early Cowboys. Austin: University of Texas Press. Reprint of 1925 edition. ISBN 0-292-73076-4.
- Kienzle, Rich (2003). Southwest Shuffle: Pioneers of Honky Tonk, Western Swing, and Country Jazz. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-94102-4.
- Lake, Stuart (1994). Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal. Pocket. Reprint ed. ISBN 0-671-88537-5.
- Pierce, Bob; Ashley, Larry (1996). Pierce Piano Atlas. 10th ed. ISBN 0-911138-02-1.
- Shay, Anthony. Boys Night Out in Leadville. Retrieved July 16, 2006.
- Tennessean Tootsies' 56th Birthday Bash October 2016