Hurricane Ismael

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This article is about the Pacific hurricane of 1995. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Ismael.
Hurricane Ismael
Baja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico, Southwestern United States
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Part of the 1995 Pacific hurricane season

Hurricane Ismael was a weak, but deadly

Mid-Atlantic States
.

Offshore, Ismael produced waves of up to 30 feet (9.1 m) in height. Hundreds of fishermen were unprepared for the hurricane, which was expected to move more slowly, and as a result 52 ships were wrecked, killing 57 fishermen. On land, Ismael caused 59 deaths in mainland Mexico and resulted in $26 million in damage (1995 USD$, 52 million 2024 USD). The hurricane destroyed thousands of houses, leaving 30,000 people homeless. Moisture from the storm extended into the United States, causing heavy rainfall and localized moderate damage in southeastern New Mexico.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A poorly organized area of convection persisted about 170 miles (270 km) off the southern coast of

banding became better organized, and late on September 12 it developed into Tropical Depression Ten while located about 350 miles (560 km) south-southwest of Manzanillo, Colima. The depression moved to the northwest, and following an increase in deep convection it intensified into Tropical Storm Ismael early on September 13.[1]
Upon attaining tropical storm status, Ismael was located in an area of warm water temperatures with well-established
Baja California Ismael gradually turned to the north.[1] Such a change in motion was not operationally predicted by forecasters, though they noted uncertainty in Ismael's track due to the low.[2] Ismael steadily strengthened as it moved northward, though it failed to organize significantly; early on September 14 the center remained poorly defined despite winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). However, the outflow remained well-organized as it remained over warm waters.[3] Ismael became better organized, and later on September 14 it intensified into a hurricane while located 210 miles (340 km) west-southwest of Puerto Vallarta.[1]

landfall

Ismael quickly developed a poorly defined

Mid-Atlantic States.[1]

Preparations

Initially, Hurricane Ismael was predicted to remain over the open waters of the

Islas Marias. Shortly thereafter, the warning was extended to Los Mochis and issued for the eastern coast of Baja California Sur south of 25° N. Ten hours before Ismael made its final landfall, the Mexican government issued a hurricane warning from Mazatlán to Los Mochis.[1] Prior to the arrival of the hurricane, 1,572 people evacuated to five emergency shelters.[4]

Impact

Rainfall
from Ismael

Hurricane Ismael produced 30 feet (9.1 m) waves over the Gulf of California and coastal waters off of Mexico. The hurricane, which was forecast to move more slowly, left hundreds of fishermen unprepared[5] due to deficient communications between the boats and harbor authorities.[4] As a result, 52 boats were wrecked, of which 20 sank. 57 fishermen died offshore,[6] with dozens washing ashore as the high tides receded. About 150 fishermen survived the storm by waiting on islands, sandbars, or disabled fishing boats.[5] Navy rescue teams and other fishermen searched for days off the Mexican coast to find victims and survivors from the storm.[7]

While moving through northwestern Mexico, Hurricane Ismael dropped moderate to heavy rainfall including a state record of 7.76 inches (197 mm) in Sinaloa, resulting in the flooding of four municipalities. In one municipality, the passage of the hurricane destroyed 373 cardboard houses and damaged 4,790 others. The passage of the hurricane left 177 houses without drinking water and left four municipalities without power.[6] Damage was heaviest where the hurricane made landfall. In Los Mochis, the winds from Ismael knocked down houses and telephone poles, though no deaths were reported.[5] 59 people were killed in Sinaloa.[4]

Ismael produced heavy rainfall further to the north, peaking at 10.9 inches (280 mm) in Sonora. Severe flooding was reported in Huatabampo. The hurricane directly affected 24,111 people in 8 municipalities. Throughout Sonora, the strong winds destroyed 4,728 houses and removed the roofs of 6,827 homes. The hurricane also destroyed 107 schools and 2 health centers in the state. The passage of Hurricane Ismael damaged high-tension power lines and cable lines, causing interruptions to the communication system. The hurricane also weakened 2,163 miles (3,481 km) of gravel roads and damaged about 100 miles (160 km) of paved highways. 250 people lost their jobs in Sonora due to sunken or damaged fishing boats. In addition, about 83 square miles (210 km2) of crop lands were impacted. Damage in Sonora amounted to $8.6 million (1995 USD, $50 million 1995 MXN, $100 million 2024 USD).[6]

Throughout Mexico the hurricane left 30,000 people homeless.

MXN, $52 million 2024 USD).[8] The Mexican government allocated about $4.5 million (1995 USD$, 34 million 1995 MXN, $9 million 2024 USD) in funds for the restoration of houses and the overall infrastructure.[6] Officials distributed 4,800 sheets, 500 cushions, and 1,500 blankets to hurricane victims.[4]

Moisture from the remnants of Ismael extended into southwestern

Mid-Atlantic States.[1] There, the rainfall helped to relieve drought conditions.[12]

Retirement

Due to the damage and deaths, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) retired the name Ismael and replaced it with Israel, another Spanish name beginning with the letter "I" for use in the 2001 season. However, after leaders of the Anti-Defamation League and the Zionist Organization of America made public remarks in the spring of 2001 sharply criticizing usage of the name, hundreds of people sent e-mails or called the National Hurricane Center (NHC) to express their opposition to its use. In response, NHC director Max Mayfield urged the WMO to choose a different name.[13] The name Israel was replaced with Ivo during the season.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Britt Max Mayfield (1995-11-19). "Hurricane Ismael Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  2. ^ a b Britt Max Mayfield (1995-09-12). "Tropical Storm Ismael Discussion Two". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  3. ^ Britt Max Mayfield (1995-09-14). "Tropical Storm Ismael Discussion Six". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  4. ^ a b c d El Presidente de la Comisión Nacional (1996-07-30). "La Recomendación 64/96, del 30 de julio de 1996 por Huracan Ismael" (in Spanish). Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos. Archived from the original on 2010-09-03. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  5. ^ a b c "Hurricane kills 91 in Mexico". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Associated Press. 1995. Retrieved 2006-11-05.
  6. ^ a b c d Daniel Bitrán Bitrán (2001). "Caracterásticas del Impacto Socioeconómico de los Principales Desastres Ocurridos en México en el Período 1980 – 99" (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-11. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
  7. ^ a b Sun-Sentinel Wire Services (1995). "Hurricane Toll in Mexico Passes 100; Marilyn Fades". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2006-11-05.
  8. ^ Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (2006). "Impacto Socioeconómico de los Ciclones Tropicales 2005" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-29. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
  9. ^
    Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
    . Retrieved 2006-11-05.
  10. ^ National Climatic Data Center (1995). "Event Report for New Mexico". Archived from the original on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2006-11-05.
  11. ^ National Climatic Data Center (1995). "Event Report for Texas". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2006-11-05.
  12. ISBN 978-0-9786280-0-0
    .
  13. ^ Hanna Rosin (2004-08-02). "Hurricane Names". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
  14. ^ Koji Kuroiwa (2009-09-01). "Regional Association IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean) Hurricane Operational Plan 2009 Edition" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2010-04-13.

External links

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