Hurricane Ioke
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | August 20, 2006 |
Extratropical | September 7, 2006 |
Dissipated | September 12, 2006 |
Violent typhoon | |
10-minute sustained (JMA) | |
Highest winds | 195 km/h (120 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 920 hPa (mbar); 27.17 inHg |
Category 5-equivalent super typhoon | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC) | |
Highest winds | 260 km/h (160 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 900 hPa (mbar); 26.58 inHg |
Category 5 major hurricane | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
Highest winds | 160 mph (260 km/h) |
Lowest pressure | 915 mbar (hPa); 27.02 inHg |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | None |
Damage | $88 million (2006 USD) |
Areas affected | Johnston Atoll, Wake Island, Minamitorishima, Kamchatka Peninsula, Alaska |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2006 Pacific hurricane and typhoon seasons |
Hurricane Ioke, also referred to as Typhoon Ioke, was a record-breaking, long-lived and extremely powerful storm that traversed the Pacific for 17 days, reaching the equivalent of
The cyclone developed in the
Ioke did not affect any permanently-populated areas in the Central Pacific or Western Pacific basins as a hurricane or a typhoon. A crew of 12 people rode out the hurricane in a hurricane-proof bunker on Johnston Atoll; the crew estimated winds reached over 100 mph (160 km/h), which damaged trees on the island but did not impact the island's bird population. The typhoon left moderate damage on Wake Island totaling $88 million (2006 USD, equivalent to $130 million in 2023[1]), including blown off roofs and damaged buildings, though the infrastructure of the island was left intact; all military personnel were evacuated from the island. Later, the extratropical remnants of Ioke produced a severe storm surge along the Alaskan coastline, causing beach erosion.
Meteorological history
The
Hurricane Ioke steadily deepened as it continued west-northwestward, with better definition of the eye and deepening of the eyewall convection.
After maintaining Category 5 status for about 18 hours,[2] Ioke weakened slightly due to an eyewall replacement cycle.[10] Completing the cycle on August 26,[11] the hurricane restrengthened to Category 5 status. The trough to its west tracked further away from the hurricane, allowing the subtropical ridge to build ahead of the hurricane which turned Ioke to the southwest.[2] The overall environment remained very favorable for sustainment of the powerful cyclone. Strong upper-level cyclones far to its northwest provided outflow channels and light wind shear, with warm water temperatures along its path.[11] With the conditions, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory hurricane model predicted Ioke to reach winds of 220 mph (350 km/h), with a predicted minimum pressure of 860 mbar (25 inHg).[12] Early on August 27, the pressure dropped to 915 mbar (27.0 inHg), and shortly thereafter Ioke crossed the International Date Line, becoming a 160 mph (260 km/h) typhoon.[2]
Unofficially referred as a super typhoon by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), Ioke remained at the equivalence of a Category 5 hurricane for about 12 hours after crossing the Date Line. It then began a slight weakening trend on August 28,[13] due to increased inflow from the ridge to its north.[14] On August 29, the cyclone turned to the west and west-northwest while tracking around the periphery of the subtropical ridge, and Ioke again reached the equivalence of Category 5 status.[13] The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) assessed Ioke as attaining peak 10‑minute sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) on August 30.[15] Later that day, the typhoon weakened to the equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane for the final time, and on August 31 Ioke passed very near Wake Island with winds of about 155 mph (250 km/h).[13]
By September 1, increased wind shear and drier air caused the eye of Ioke to become cloud-filled and elongated,
Preparations and impact
Johnston Atoll
Late on August 21, about 24 hours prior to its closest approach, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center issued a hurricane warning for uninhabited territory of Johnston Island,[21] due to the uncertainty of whether anyone was on the island.[22] A United States Air Force vessel and a 12-person crew were on the island, and after securing their ship the crew took shelter in a hurricane-proof concrete bunker.[23][2][24] There were no meteorological observations on the island, but the crew estimated tropical storm force winds lasted for about 27 hours with hurricane-force winds lasting six to eight hours; peak wind gusts were estimated at 110 to 130 mph (175 to 210 km/h). The crew sustained no injuries, and their ship received only minor damage. Hurricane Ioke, with a portion of its eye crossing the atoll, left an estimated 15% of the palm trees on the island with their tops blown off, with some ironwood trees blown over; the island bird population was unaffected. The hurricane produced rough surf which washed away a portion of a sea wall and an adjacent road.[2][23]
Wake Island
Under the threat of the typhoon for several days, two
The powerful winds of Typhoon Ioke caused extensive damage to the island's power grid, leaving most power lines to buildings and backup generators damaged. The combination of the winds and storm surge flooding damaged 70% of the buildings in the territory, many of which with moderate roof damage. All low-lying areas were described as being covered with sea water or sand, and the territory was left without running water.[30] Communications were downed on the island, with satellite dishes and cables destroyed.[31] Damage to the infrastructure was extensive, though repairable and less than expected.[32] Damage on the island was estimated at $88 million (2006 USD).[33]
Japan and Alaska
On September 1, the Japan Meteorological Agency ordered the temporary evacuation of its staff on
The
Records and aftermath
Hurricane Ioke became one of only seven hurricanes to reach
The
The Central Pacific Hurricane Center requested the retirement of the name, and in April 2007, the name Ioke was retired, and replaced with Iopa.[43]
See also
- List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
- Typhoon Olive (1952)
- Typhoon Ophelia (1960)
- Hurricane John (1994) – The second longest-lasting tropical cyclone ever recorded globally.
- Typhoon Oliwa (1997) – A Category 5 super typhoon that crossed the Central Pacific.
- Hurricane Genevieve (2014) – A Category 3 hurricane that crossed three basins and became a Category 5-equivalent typhoon
- Hurricane Hector (2018) – An erratic Category 4 hurricane that crossed three basins.
- Hurricane Walaka (2018) – The third most intense hurricane formed in the Central Pacific
- Cyclone Freddy (2023) – The longest lived and highest accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) of any tropical cyclone on record
References
- Gross Domestic Product deflatorfigures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Central Pacific Hurricane Center (2007). "2006 Tropical Cyclones Central North Pacific". Archived from the original on 2010-12-30. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
- ^ Matsuda (2006). "Tropical Depression One-C Discussion One". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- ^ Central Pacific Hurricane Center (August 3, 2005). "Tropical Storm Ioke Discussion Number 2". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
- ^ Nash (2006). "Tropical Storm Ioke Discussion Four". Central Pacific Hurricane Season. Archived from the original on 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
- ^ Houston (2006). "Hurricane Ioke Discussion Seven". Central Pacific Hurricane Season. Archived from the original on 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
- ^ Browning (2006). "Hurricane Ioke Discussion Twelve". Central Pacific Hurricane Season. Archived from the original on 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
- ^ Donaldson (2006). "Hurricane Ioke Discussion Thirteen". Central Pacific Hurricane Season. Archived from the original on 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
- ^ Kodama (2006). "Hurricane Ioke Discussion Twenty". Central Pacific Hurricane Season. Archived from the original on 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
- ^ Burke (2006). "Hurricane Ioke Discussion Twenty-Five". Central Pacific Hurricane Season. Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
- ^ a b Browning (2006). "Hurricane Ioke Discussion Twenty-Six". Central Pacific Hurricane Season. Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
- ^ Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (2006). "GFDL Hurricane Ioke Prediction: 2006-08-31 00z". NOAA. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
- ^ a b c d Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2007). "Super Typhoon 01C". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
- ^ Alpha Forecast Team (2006). "Typhoon Ioke Prognostic Reasoning NR 033". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved 2007-10-10.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Japan Meteorological Agency (2006). "2006 Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones Best Track". Archived from the original on 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
- ^ Bravo Forecast Team (2006). "Typhoon Ioke Prognostic Reasoning NR 051". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved 2007-10-10.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Charlie Forecast Team (2006). "Typhoon Ioke Prognostic Reasoning NR 055". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved 2007-10-10.[permanent dead link]
- ^ National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 4, 2023). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2022". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. A guide on how to read the database is available here. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Delta Forecast Team (2006). "Typhoon Ioke Prognostic Reasoning NR 061". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved 2007-10-10.[permanent dead link]
- ^ George P. Bancroft (2007). "Marine Weather Review—North Pacific Area September through December 2006". NOAA National Center for Environmental Prediction. Archived from the original on 2013-02-22. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
- ^ Kodama & Ballard (2006). "Hurricane Ioke Public Advisory Eight". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2014-12-19. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
- ^ Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology (2007). "Actions and Recommendations for the 61st Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference" (PDF). p. 115. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-03. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
- ^ a b "Hurricane Island". Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2012.[self-published source]
- ^ Leone, Diana (2006-08-23). "Hawaiian-named storm hits Johnston Isle". Star Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
- ^ Andrew Leonhard (2006-08-29). "Wake evacuated -- Airmen airlift 188 from Pacific Island". Air Force Print News. Archived from the original on 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ "Wake Island evacuated as Super Typhoon Ioke closes in". Anchorage Daily News. Associated press. 2006. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ^ a b Gary Padgett (2006). "Tropical Cyclone Summary for August 2006". Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
- ^ a b NOAA (2006). "Meteorological Observations for Wake Island on August 31, 2006". Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
- ^ Chris Vadnais (2006-09-13). "Teams fly to Wake Island to assess damage". Air Force Print News. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
- ^ a b c Rob Tebben (2006). "Ioke on Wake Island" (PDF). Air Force Weather Observer. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
- ^ Chris Vadnais (2006-09-17). "Airmen piece together Wake Island connectivity puzzle". Air Force Print News. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
- ^ a b Chris Vadnais (2006-09-15). "Airmen Add Up Damage at Wake Island". Air Force Print News. Archived from the original on 2014-12-20. Retrieved 2014-12-10.
- ^ Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (2007). "Spring 2007 Case Digest — Protecting Historic Properties" (PDF). p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
- ^ Japan Meteorological Agency (2006). "Evacuation of Minami Torishima during Typhoon Ioke" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2011-03-22. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
- ^ Japan Meteorological Agency (2006). "About Weather Observation Reopening of the South Torishima Meteorological Observing Station" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2011-03-22. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
- ^ National Climatic Data Center (2006). "Event Report for Alaska". Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
- ^ National Climatic Data Center (2006). "Event Report for Alaska (2)". Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
- ^ Cattle Network (2006). "National Weather early for September 2006". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
- ^ Worst Hurricanes in All 50 States Since 1900, The Weather Channel, September 26, 2015
- ^ Hurricane Research Division (2007). "Northeast Pacific Ocean Tropical Cyclone Best Track". NOAA. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
- ^ Chris Johnson (2006). "In the Wake of Ioki". U.S. Military. Archived from the original on 2012-12-17. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
- ^ Chris Vadnais (2006-09-20). "Power pros 'wire' Wake Island". Air Force Print News. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
- ^ Dennis H. McCarthy (2007). "National Weather Service Instruction Tropical Cyclone Names and Pronunciation Guide" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-10. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
External links
- The CPHC's archive on Hurricane Ioke
- The CPHC's Best Track Data on Hurricane Ioke
- The JMA's Best Track Data on Typhoon Ioke (0612) (in Japanese)
- The JMA's RSMC Best Track Data (Graphics) on Typhoon Ioke (0612)
- The JMA's RSMC Best Track Data (Text)
- General Information of Typhoon Ioke (0612) from Digital Typhoon