Hygrocybe

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Hygrocybe
Hygrocybe cantharellus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Hygrophoraceae
Genus: Hygrocybe
(Fr.) P.Kumm. (1871)
Type species
Hygrocybe conica
(Schaeff.) P.Kumm. (1871)
Synonyms[1]
  • Godfrinia Maire (1902)
  • Bertrandia R.Heim (1936)
  • Pseudohygrocybe (Bon) Kovalenko (1988)

Hygrocybe is a

edible
and are sometimes offered for sale in local markets.

Taxonomy

History

Hygrocybe was first published in 1821 by Swedish

mycologist Elias Magnus Fries as a subsection of Agaricus and in 1871 was raised to the rank of genus by Kummer. In several papers, Karsten and Murrill used the name Hydrocybe, but this is now taken as an orthographic variant of Hygrocybe. The generic name is derived from the Greek ῦγρὁς (= moist) + κυβη (= head).[3][4]

Despite its comparatively early publication, the genus Hygrocybe was not widely accepted until the 1970s, most previous authors treating it as a synonym of

ectomycorrhizal agarics.[3][5]

Current status

Recent

sensu stricto as a smaller but more cohesive genus of species related to the type, Hygrocybe conica
.

Description

Fruit bodies of Hygrocybe species are all

basidiospores.[11]

Hygrocybe singeri spores 1000x

Habitat, nutrition, and distribution

Species of Hygrocybe are soil-dwelling. In Europe, most species are typical of unimproved (nutrient-poor), short-sward grasslands, often termed "waxcap grasslands",[12] but elsewhere they are more commonly found in woodland.

Their metabolism has long been debated, but recent research suggests that they are not

saprotrophic[13][14] but rather symbiotically associated with the roots of higher plants or mosses. Hyphae of H. conica have been detected in plant roots.[14]

Species are distributed worldwide, from the tropics to the sub-polar regions. Around 150 have been described to date.[15] Waxcaps receive most attention in northern Europe,[16] where they are found in nutrient-poor pastures.[11] However, outside Europe, waxcaps are more commonly associated with woodland habitats, for example the sclerophyll forests site at Lane Cove Bushland Park and Ferndale Park, Sydney.[17]

Conservation

Main article: Waxcap grassland

In Europe, waxcap grasslands and their associated fungi are of conservation concern, since unimproved grasslands (formerly commonplace) have declined dramatically as a result of changes in agricultural practice. This decline has led to four European Hygrocybe species, Hygrocybe citrinovirens, H. punicea, H. spadicea, and H. splendidissima, being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[2]

Elsewhere, several rare and localized endemic species are assessed as globally "endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[2] They include Hygrocybe boothii in Australia, Hygrocybe noelokelani and Hygrocybe pakelo in Hawaii, Hygrocybe striatella in Chile, and Hygrocybe flavifolia in California.

Economic usage

Because Hygrocybe species cannot be maintained in

culture,[18] none is cultivated commercially. Fruit bodies of a few species are considered edible in eastern Europe, south-east Asia, and Central America and are collected and consumed locally.[19]

Literature

No comprehensive monograph of the genus has yet been published. In Europe, however, species of Hygrocybe have been illustrated and described in a standard English-language guide by Boertmann (2010)[11] and also (together with Hygrophorus) in an Italian guide by Candusso (1997).[20] European species have also been covered, more briefly, in descriptive French keys by Bon (1990).[21] Dutch species were illustrated and described by Arnolds (1990).[22] No equivalent modern guides have been published for North America, the most recent being by Hesler & Smith (1963).[5] There is, however, a guide to Californian species by Largent (1985).[23] In Australia, Hygrocybe species have been illustrated and described by Young (2005)[24] and in New Zealand by Horak (1990).[25]

Species

Main article: List of Hygrocybe species

References

  1. ^ "Hygrocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
  2. ^ a b c "Hygrocybe: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  3. ^ a b Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetaceae: A Handbook of the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 799.
  4. ^ Cornelis, Schrevel (1826). Schrevelius' Greek lexicon, tr. into Engl. with numerous corrections. pp. 184–186. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
  5. ^ a b Hesler LR, Smith AH (1963). North American species of Hygrophorus. University of Tennessee Press. p. 416.
  6. ^ Kovalenko AE, Moncalvo J-M, Vilgalys R, Petersen RH, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ (2002). "Recent advances in molecular phylogeny of temperate Hygrophoraceae and concordance with morphology and ecology (abstract)". IMC7 Abstracts (146).[permanent dead link]
  7. PMID 17486974. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
  8. PMID 22025807
    .
  9. S2CID 220615978
    .
  10. PMID 18703325
    .
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-87-983581-7-6
    .
  12. doi:10.1016/s0269-915x(96)80046-2
    .
  13. S2CID 318326
    .
  14. ^
    ISSN 1754-5048
    .
  15. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8
    .
  16. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/4
    .
  17. ISBN 978-1-74122-965-3
    . Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  18. S2CID 84829857
    .
  19. ISBN 978-92-5-105157-3
    .
  20. ^ Candusso M. (1997). Fungi Europaei 6: Hygrophorus s.l.. Alassio, Italy: Libreria Basso. p. 784.
  21. ^ Bon M. (1990). Flore mycologique d'Europe 1: Les Hygrophores (in French). Amiens Cedex: CRDP de Picardie. p. 99.
  22. ISBN 978-90-6191-971-1
    .
  23. ISBN 978-0-916422-54-7
    .
  24. ISBN 978-0-643-09195-5
    .
  25. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1990.10412313.[permanent dead link
    ]

External links
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