Hygrocybe appalachianensis
Hygrocybe appalachianensis | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Agaricales |
Family: | Hygrophoraceae |
Genus: | Hygrocybe |
Species: | H. appalachianensis
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Binomial name | |
Hygrocybe appalachianensis (
A.H.Sm. ) Kronaw. (1998) | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Hygrocybe appalachianensis, commonly known as the Appalachian waxy cap, is a
Systematics
The fungus was
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Phylogeny of H. appalachianensis and related species showing placement in section Pseudoformae and subgenus Hygrocybe.[7] |
Because of its color and habit, Hesler and Smith originally thought the unknown agaric was H. coccinea or perhaps a large form of H. miniata, but study of its microscopic characteristics revealed that it was distinct from these. They noted that the fibrillose-squamulose texture of the cap (i.e. that it appears to be made of thin fibers, or covered with small scales) and the large spores suggested a relationship with H. turundus.[2] The type of Hygrocybe appalachianensis is of an immature specimen, and the description of the basidia only accounted for microbasidia (i.e., the smaller of the two forms of basidia in the hymenium). The immature macrobasidia were described as pleurocystidia (i.e., cystidia arising from the side, or face, of the gill),[8] which Hesler and Smith described as "more or less embedded in the hymenium".[9] Microspores (the smaller of the two spore types produced by the fungus) were not accounted for in their original description, although they are present in the type.[8]
Deborah Jean Lodge and colleagues, in a reorganization of the family Hygrophoraceae based on molecular phylogenetics, proposed that H. appalachianensis should be the type species of the new section Pseudofirmae in genus Hygrocybe.[10] Species in this section, which include Hygrocybe chloochlora, H. rosea, and H. trinitensis, have sticky or glutinous caps that often have perforations in the center. Their spores and basidia are dimorphic (of two sizes), and the development of the microbasidia and macrobasidia is often staggered. The macrobasidia are club shaped and appear as if they have a stalk.[8]
Description
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hygrocybe_appalachiensis_230673.jpg/220px-Hygrocybe_appalachiensis_230673.jpg)
Hygrocybe appalachianensis mushrooms produce a white
The colors of Hygrocybe mushrooms originate from betalains, a class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments. Specific betalains found in H. appalachianensis include muscaflavin, and a group of compounds called hygroaurins, which are derived from muscaflavin by conjugation with amino acids.[12]
Similar species
There are several lookalike species found in North American with which the Appalachian waxy cap might be confused. Hygrocybe cantharellus is a bright red mushroom that has smaller fruit bodies and a more slender stipe than H. appalachianensis.[6] It also has smaller spores, measuring 7–12 by 4–8 μm.[13] Hygrocybe reidii, found in Europe and northeastern North America, has flesh with a sweet odor that is reminiscent of honey. This smell is sometimes weak and only noticeable when the tissue is rubbed, or when it is drying. Its scarlet cap initially has a narrow yellow-orange margin.[14]
Widespread and common in the Northern Hemisphere, the scarlet waxcap (Hygrocybe coccinea) is most reliably distinguished from H. appalachianensis by its smaller spores, measuring 7–11 by 4–5 μm.[15] The sphagnum waxcap, H. coccineocrenata, also has colors that are similar to H. appalachianensis. In addition to its smaller spores (8–12 by 5.5–8 μm), its fruit bodies have smaller caps, measuring 0.6–2 cm (0.2–0.8 in) in diameter, and it is typically found fruiting in mosses.[16]
Habitat and distribution
Fruit bodies of Hygrocybe appalachianensis grow singly, in groups, or clusters on the ground. Like all Hygrocybe species, the fungus is believed to be
See also
References
- ^ "Hygrophorus appalachianensis Hesler & A.H. Sm". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Hesler LR, Smith AH (1963). North American Species of Hygrophorus. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 147–149.
- S2CID 128469820.
- ^ Kronawitter I, Bresinsky A (1998). "Mikroskopische Merkmale der Gattung Hygrocybe – eine Auswahl" [Microscopic characters in Hygrocybe – a selection]. Regensburger Mykologische Schriften (in German). 8: 53–92.
- ^ "Hygrophorus appalachiensis Hesler & A.H. Sm". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8131-9039-6.
- ^ Lodge et al. (2014), p. 22.
- ^ a b c d e f Lodge et al. (2014), pp. 29–30.
- ^ Hesler and Smith, 1963, p. 17.
- ^ Lodge et al. (2014), p. 4.
- ^ a b c Bessette et al. (2012), pp. 14–15.
- ISBN 978-0-08-086563-8.
- ^ Bessette et al, p. 20.
- .
- ^ Bessette et al. (2012), p. 23.
- ^ Bessette et al. (2012), p. 24.
- ^ Bessette A. "Key to Waxcap Mushrooms of Eastern North America" (PDF). Long Island Mycological Club. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-15.
Cited literature
- Bessette AE, Roody WC, Sturgeon WE, Bessette AR (2012). Waxcap Mushrooms of Eastern North America. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-3268-9.
- Lodge DJ, Padamsee M, Matheny PB, Aime MC, Cantrell SA, Boertmann D, Kovalenko A, Vizzini A, Dentinger BT, Kirk PM, Ainsworth AM, Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Larsson E, Lücking R, Griffith GW, Smith ME, Norvell LL, Desjardin DE, Redhead SA, Ovrebo CL, Lickey EB, Ercole E, Hughes KW, Courtecuisse R, Young A, Binder M, Minnis AM, Lindner DL, Ortiz-Santana B, Haight J, Læssøe T, Baroni TJ, Geml J, Hattori T (2014). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 64 (1): 1–99.
External links