Hypereides

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Hypereides or Hyperides (Greek: Ὑπερείδης, Hypereidēs; c. 390 – 322 BC; English pronunciation with the stress variably on the penultimate or antepenultimate syllable^[1]) was an Athenian logographer (speech writer). He was one of the ten Attic orators included in the "Alexandrian canon" compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace in the third century BC.

He was a leader of the Athenian resistance to King Philip II of Macedon and

Rise to power

Little is known about his early life except that he was the son of Glaucippus, of the

Downfall

After the death of

Hypereides fled to Aegina only to be captured at the temple of Poseidon. After being put to death, his body (according to others) was taken to Cleonae and shown to the Macedonian general Antipater before being returned to Athens for burial.^[5]

Personality and oratorical style

Hypereides was an ardent pursuer of "the beautiful," which in his time generally meant pleasure and luxury.

Surviving speeches

Hypereides's speech in trial against

Seventy-seven speeches have been attributed to Hypereides, of which twenty-five were regarded as spurious by his contemporaries. It is said that a manuscript of most of the speeches survived as late as the 15th century in the Bibliotheca Corviniana, library of Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, but was later destroyed after the capture of Buda by the Turks in the 16th century. Only a few fragments were known until relatively recent times. In 1847, large fragments of his speeches, Against Demosthenes and For Lycophron (incidentally interesting for clarifying the order of marriage processions and other details of Athenian life, and the Athenian government of Lemnos) and the whole of For Euxenippus (c. 330 BC, a locus classicus on εἰσαγγελίαι eisangeliai or state prosecutions), were found in a tomb at Thebes in Egypt. In 1856 a considerable portion of a logos epitaphios, a Funeral Oration over Leosthenes and his comrades who had fallen in the Lamian war was discovered.^[5]

Towards the end of the nineteenth century further discoveries were made including the conclusion of the speech Against Philippides (dealing with an indictment for the proposal of unconstitutional measure, arising out of the disputes of the Macedonian and anti-Macedonian parties at Athens), and of the whole of Against Athenogenes (a perfumer accused of fraud in the sale of his business).^[5]

New discoveries

In 2002 Natalie Tchernetska of Trinity College, Cambridge discovered fragments of two speeches of Hypereides, which had been considered lost, in the Archimedes Palimpsest. These were from two new speeches, the Against Timander and Against Diondas, increasing the quantity of material known by this author by 20 percent.^[9] Tchernetska's discovery led to a publication on the subject in the Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik.^[10] This prompted the establishment of a working group under the auspices of the British Academy, which includes scholars from the UK, Hungary and the US.^[11]

In 2006, the Archimedes Palimpsest project together with imagers at Stanford University used powerful X-ray fluorescence imaging to read the final pages of the Palimpsest, which contained the material by Hypereides. These were interpreted, transcribed and translated by the working group.

In 2018 a passage of another speech of Hypereides (Against the envoys of Antipater) was discovered in a papyrus from Herculaneum.^[12]

Lost speeches

Phryne before the Areopagus

, 1861

Among the speeches not yet recovered is the Deliacus

Assessment

William Noel, the curator of manuscripts and rare books at the

See also

• Churchill Babington
• Phryne

Notes

References

• Herrman, Judson (ed., trans. comm.). Hyperides. Funeral oration. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009. xiv, 148 p. (American Philological Association. American Classical Studies, 53).
• Whitehead, David (2000). Hypereides: The Forensic Speeches. Oxford University Press.
  ISBN 0-19-815218-3
  .
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hypereides". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 200.

External links

• Media related to Hypereides at Wikimedia Commons
• The Speeches of Hypereides - links to online translations
• Life of Hypereides - attributed to Plutarch
• Hyperidis orationes sex cum ceterarum fragmentis, Friedrich Blass (ed.), 2nd edition, Lipsiae, in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1881.
• 'Hyperidis orationes sex cum ceterarum fragmentis, Friedrich Blass (ed.), 3rd edition, Lipsiae, in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1894.