Hyperpigmentation
| Hyperpigmentation | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Specialty | Dermatology |
| Causes | Melanogenesis |
 | The article's lead section may need to be rewritten. (February 2024) |
Hyperpigmentation is the darkening of an area of skin or nails caused by increased melanin.
Causes
Hyperpigmentation can be caused by sun damage,
Many forms of hyperpigmentation are caused by an excess production of melanin.
As the body ages, melanocyte distribution becomes less diffuse and its regulation less controlled by the body. UV light stimulates melanocyte activity, and where concentration of the cells is greater, hyperpigmentation occurs. Another form of hyperpigmentation is post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. These are dark and discoloured spots that appear on the skin following acne that has healed.[6]
Diseases and conditions
Hyperpigmentation is associated with a number of diseases or conditions, including the following:
- Addison's disease and other sources of adrenal insufficiency, in which hormones that stimulate melanin synthesis, such as melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), are frequently elevated.
- Cushing's disease or other excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production, because MSH production is a byproduct of ACTH synthesis from proopiomelanocortin (POMC).
- Acanthosis nigricans—hyperpigmentation of intertriginous areas associated with insulin resistance.
- chloasma' or the “mask of pregnancy,” when it occurs in pregnant women.— It is a common skin problem that causes dark discolored patchy hyperpigmentation. It typically occurs on the face and is symmetrical, with matching marks on both sides of the face. The condition is much more common in women than men, though men can get it too. According to the American Academy of Dermatology, 90 percent of people who develop melasma are women.[7]
- Post-Acne marksfrom post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
- Linea nigra—a hyperpigmented line found on the abdomen during pregnancy.
- macules on the lips and oral mucosa and gastrointestinal polyps.
- Exposure to certain chemicals such as salicylic acid, bleomycin, and cisplatin.
- Smoker's melanosis
- Coeliac disease
- Cronkhite–Canada syndrome
- Porphyria
- ringworm.
- ironin the body.
- Mercury poisoning—particularly cases of cutaneous exposure resulting from the topical application of mercurial ointments or skin-whitening creams.
- Aromatase deficiency
- Nelson's syndrome
- Graves' disease
- Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia (SOID).[8]
- As a result of tinea cruris.
- Due to B12 deficiency.[9]
- Atopic dermatitis as a result of inflammation.[10]
Hyperpigmentation can sometimes be induced by
Diagnosis
- A physical examination including, Wood's lampexamination and a detailed history, usually sufficient for diagnosis.
- Skin examination.
- Viewing medical history.
Treatment
There are a wide range of depigmenting treatments used for hyperpigmentation conditions, and responses to most are variable.[11]
Most often treatment of hyperpigmentation caused by melanin overproduction (such as melasma, acne scarring, liver spots) includes the use of topical depigmenting agents, which vary in their efficacy and safety, as well as in prescription rules.[12]
Topical treatments
Many topical treatments disrupt the synthesis of melanin by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase.[5]
Several are prescription only in the US, especially in high doses, such as
Oral
Oral medication with procyanidin plus vitamins A, C, and E also shows promise as safe and effective for epidermal melasma. In an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 56 Filipino women, treatment was associated with significant improvements in the left and right malar regions, and was safe and well tolerated.[23] Other treatments that do not involve topical agents are also available, including fraction lasers[24] and dermabrasion.[12]
Laser treatments
Laser toning using
See also
References
- ^ "Hyperpigmentation". Dermatalogic Disease Database. American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. Retrieved 2006-03-08.
- ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
- ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ PMID 22002814.
- ^ ISSN 2287-7428. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
- ^ Hyperpigmentation on Face (Acne Scars) Hyperpigmentation, Dark Spots, Acne Scars, Meladerm.
- ^ "Melasma". American Academy of Dermatology, Inc.
- ^ "Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
- PMID 18413300.
- PMID 32644576, retrieved 2022-03-27
- PMID 17097400.
- ^ a b "Variety of options available to treat pigmentation problems | American Academy of Dermatology". www.aad.org. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
- S2CID 25303091.
- PMID 23716817.
- S2CID 39489580.
- ^ "Spotlight On: Niacinamide - FutureDerm". FutureDerm. 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
- PMID 34751927.
- S2CID 21618233.
- ^ "Cysteamine Cream® -- New Hyper Intensive Depigmenting Treatment". Scientis Pharma. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
- S2CID 24913995.
- ISBN 9789241571579.
- ^ "Hydroquinone - Substance evaluation - CoRAP - ECHA". echa.europa.eu. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
- S2CID 28886093.
- ^ "Laser Skin Whitening - Advantages and Disadvantages | Skin Whitening News". skinwhiteningnews.org. 2014-04-05. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
- S2CID 215794622.
- PMID 23060704.
External links
