Hypomesus nipponensis

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Hypomesus nipponensis

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Osmeriformes
Family: Osmeridae
Genus: Hypomesus
Species:
H. nipponensis
Binomial name
Hypomesus nipponensis

Hypomesus nipponensis (Japanese smelt, in Japanese: wakasagi

Hokkaido, Japan, Korea, and Sakhalin, Khabarovsk Krai, and Primorsky Krai, Russia.[1] It has been introduced in other locations, including the San Francisco Delta of the United States. It is raised in fisheries, and is very similar in appearance to the delta smelt
(H. transpacificus).

Synonyms

Fried wakasagi in a Japanese dish, under the green peppers

Hypomesus olidus

Hypomesus nipponensis

Hypomesus japonicus

Hypomesus pretiosus

Hypomesus transpacificus

Phylogeny of the genus Hypomesus including H. chishimaensis under H. nipponensis.[3][4]

Hypomesus chishimaensis was described as being a new species in the lakes of Kunashir and Iturup in 1997 based on claimed morphological differences. After later studies failed to find these morphological differences, it regarded as an ecotype of H. nipponensis. A 2007 genetic analysis supported this classification, and recommended that H. chishimaensis not be given its own binomial designation.[3]

Introduction to the United States

Native to the lakes and estuaries of Hokkaido, Japan and introduced to the lakes on

Big Bear Reservoir introductions,[5] the latter of which may have been partially attributable to chemical treatments meant to eradicate stunted crappie and goldfish.[8]

Progression into delta

Although a retrospective analysis of preserved delta smelt samples caught in 1972 and 1982 from the Delta region has shown that wakasagi had been invading the estuaries in undetected quantities since at least the early 1970s, wakasagi expansion from these original introduction sites southward was not tracked until several years later.

State Water Project pumping plant for the first time, and by 1998 the fish could be found throughout the estuary including the Suisun and San Pablo Bays.[5][7][9]

Consequences

Because the two species are very similar in

back-crossing has been found, which would suggest that the hybrids were not viable. Misidentification of the species is an additional concern, which could lead to inaccurate assessments critical to making policy decisions; however this problem may be mitigated if genetic markers are used for identification.[7]

In addition to its negative effects on the delta smelt, the wakasagi significantly reduced Kokanee fisheries, but helped increase growth rates of other salmon and trout fisheries.[10]

Notes

  1. ^ The fish were introduced into Freshwater Lagoon in Humboldt County, as well as the Dodge (Lassen County), Shastina (Siskiyou County), Spaulding (Nevada County), Jenkinson-Sly Park (El Dorado County) and Big Bear (San Bernardino County) Reservoirs.[8]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T159715391A159715398.en
    . Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  2. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Hypomesus nipponensis" in FishBase. August 2022 version.
  3. ^
    S2CID 86738107
    .
  4. S2CID 4488913
    .
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-0-520-22754-5
    .
  6. ^ California Department of Fish and Game Biennial Report 1954–1956. Division of Fish and Game of the California Department of Natural Resources. 1956. p. 40.
  7. ^
    doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0417:biaaop>2.0.co;2
    .
  8. ^ a b c Wales, J. H. (1962). "Introduction of pond smelt from Japan into California". California Fish and Game. 48. Division of Fish and Game of the California Department of Natural Resources: 141–142.
  9. ^ Sweetnam, D. A. (1995). "Field Identification of Delta Smelt and Wakasagi". Interagency Ecological Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary Newsletter. 7 (Spring): 1–3.
  10. ^ Dill, W. A. & A. J. Cordone (1997). "History and status of introduced fishes in California, 1871–1996". Fish Bulletin. 178: 83.
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