Immanuel Velikovsky
Immanuel Velikovsky | |
---|---|
Born | |
Died | 17 November 1979 Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. | (aged 84)
Alma mater | Moscow State University |
Immanuel Velikovsky (
His books use
In general, Velikovsky's theories have been ignored or vigorously rejected by the academic community.[8] Nonetheless, his books often sold well and gained enthusiastic support in lay circles, often fuelled by claims of unfair treatment of Velikovsky by orthodox academia.[9][10][11][12] The controversy surrounding his work and its reception is often referred to as "the Velikovsky affair".[13][14][15]
Childhood and early education
Immanuel Velikovsky was born in 1895 to a prosperous Jewish family in
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Upon taking his medical degree, Velikovsky left Russia for Berlin. With the financial support of his father, Velikovsky edited and published two volumes of scientific papers translated into Hebrew. The volumes were titled Scripta Universitatis Atque Bibliothecae Hierosolymitanarum ("Writings of the Jerusalem University & Library"). He enlisted Albert Einstein to prepare the volume dealing with mathematics and physics.[16] This project was a cornerstone in the formation of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,[citation needed] as the fledgling university was able to donate copies of the Scripta to the libraries of other academic institutions in exchange for complimentary copies of publications from those institutions.
In 1923, Velikovsky married Elisheva Kramer, a young violinist.
Career as a psychiatrist
Velikovsky lived in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine from 1924 to 1939, practising medicine in the fields of general practice, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis which he had studied under Sigmund Freud's pupil Wilhelm Stekel in Vienna. During this time, he had about a dozen papers published in medical and psychoanalytic journals. He was also published in Freud's Imago, including a precocious analysis of Freud's own dreams.[17]
Emigration to the US and a career as an author
In 1939, with the prospect of war looming, Velikovsky travelled with his family to New York City, intending to spend a
Within weeks of his arrival in the United States, World War II began. Launching on a tangent from his original book project, Velikovsky began to develop the radical catastrophist cosmology and revised chronology theories for which he would become notorious. For the remainder of the Second World War, now as a permanent resident of New York City, he continued to research and write about his ideas, searching for a means to disseminate them to academia and the public. He privately published two small Scripta Academica pamphlets summarising his theories in 1945 (Theses for the Reconstruction of Ancient History and Cosmos Without Gravitation). He mailed copies of the latter to academic libraries and scientists, including Harvard astronomer Harlow Shapley in 1947.
In 1950, after eight publishing houses rejected the Worlds in Collision manuscript,[18] it was finally published by Macmillan, which had a large presence in the academic textbook market. Even before its appearance, the book was enveloped by furious controversy, when Harper's Magazine published a highly positive feature on it, as did Reader's Digest, with what would today be called a creationist slant. This came to the attention of Shapley, who opposed the publication of the work, having been made familiar with Velikovsky's claims through the pamphlet Velikovsky had given him. Shapley threatened to organise a textbook boycott of Macmillan for its publication of Worlds in Collision, and within two months the book was transferred to Doubleday. It was by then a bestseller in the United States. In 1952, Doubleday published the first installment in Velikovsky's revised chronology, Ages in Chaos, followed by the Earth in Upheaval (a geological volume) in 1955. In November 1952, Velikovsky moved from Manhattan to Princeton, New Jersey.
For most of the 1950s and early 1960s, Velikovsky was persona non grata on college and university campuses. After this period, he began to receive more requests to speak. He lectured, frequently to record crowds, at universities across North America. In 1972, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation aired a one-hour television special featuring Velikovsky and his work, and this was followed by a thirty-minute documentary by the BBC in 1973.
During the remainder of the 1970s, Velikovsky devoted a great deal of his time and energy to rebutting his critics in academia, and he continued to tour North America and Europe to deliver lectures on his ideas. By that time, the elderly Velikovsky had
Posthumous administration of literary estate
For many years, Velikovsky's estate was controlled by his two daughters, Shulamit Velikovsky Kogan (b. 1925), and Ruth Ruhama Velikovsky Sharon (b. 1926),[20] who generally resisted the publication of any further material.[citation needed] (Exceptions include the biography ABA — the Glory and the Torment: The Life of Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky, issued in 1995 and greeted with rather dubious reviews;[21][22][unreliable source?][23] and a Hebrew translation of another Ages in Chaos volume, The Dark Age of Greece, which was published in Israel.) A volume of Velikovsky's discussions and correspondence with Albert Einstein appeared in Hebrew in Israel, translated and edited by his daughter Shulamit Velikovsky Kogan. In the late 1990s, a large portion of Velikovsky's unpublished book manuscripts, essays and correspondence became available at the Velikovsky Archive website.[24] In 2005, Velikovsky's daughter Ruth Sharon presented his entire archive to Princeton University Library.[25]
Ideas
In the 1920s and 1930s, Velikovsky published his concepts in medical and psychoanalytic journals.[26] He is best known, however, for research performed in the 1940s when living in New York City. His main ideas in this area were summarized in an affidavit of November 1942,[27] and two privately published Scripta Academica pamphlets, Theses for the Reconstruction of Ancient History (1945) and Cosmos without Gravitation (1946).[28]
Rather than have his ideas dismissed wholesale because of potential flaws in any one area, Velikovsky then chose to publish them as a series of book volumes, aimed at a lay audience, dealing separately with his proposals on ancient history, and with areas more relevant to the physical sciences. Velikovsky was a passionate
Velikovsky searched for common mention of events within literary records, and in the Ipuwer Papyrus he believed he had found a contemporary Egyptian account of the Plagues of Egypt. Moreover, he interpreted both accounts as descriptions of a great natural catastrophe. Velikovsky attempted to investigate the physical cause of these events, and extrapolated backwards and forwards in history from this point, cross-comparing written and mythical records from cultures on every inhabited continent, using them to attempt synchronisms of the historical records, yielding what he believed to be further periodic natural catastrophes that can be global in scale.[citation needed]
He arrived at a body of radical inter-disciplinary ideas, which might be summarised as:[citation needed]
- Planet Earth has suffered natural catastrophes on a global scale, both before and during humankind's recorded history.
- There is evidence for these catastrophes in the geological record (here Velikovsky was advocating Uniformitariannotions) and archeological record. The extinction of many species had occurred catastrophically, not by gradual Darwinian means.
- The catastrophes that occurred within the memory of humankind are recorded in the myths, legends and written history of all ancient cultures and civilisations. Velikovsky pointed to alleged concordances in the accounts of many cultures, and proposed that they referred to the same real events. For instance, the memory of a flood is recorded in the Hebrew Bible, in the Greek legend of Manulegend of India. Velikovsky put forward the psychoanalytic idea of "Cultural Amnesia" as a mechanism whereby these literal records came to be regarded as mere myths and legends.
- The causes of these natural catastrophes were close encounters between the Earth and other bodies within the Solar System — not least what are now the planets Saturn, Jupiter, Venus, and Mars, these bodies having moved upon different orbits within human memory.
- To explain the fact that these changes to the configuration of the Solar System violate several well-understood laws of physics, Velikovsky invented a role for electromagnetic forces in counteracting gravity and orbital mechanics.
Some of Velikovsky's specific postulated catastrophes included:[citation needed]
- A tentative suggestion that Earth had once been a satellite of a "proto-Saturn" body, before its current solar orbit.
- That the Deluge (Noah's Flood) had been caused by proto-Saturn's entering a novastate, and ejecting much of its mass into space.
- A suggestion that the planet Mercury was involved in the Tower of Babel catastrophe.
- Jupiter had been the prime mover in the catastrophe that saw the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.
- Periodic close contacts with a "cometary Venus" (which had been ejected from Jupiter) had caused the Exodus events (c. 1500 BCE) and Joshua's subsequent "sun standing still" (Joshua 10:12–13) incident.
- Periodic close contacts with Mars had caused havoc in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE.
As noted above, Velikovsky had conceived the broad sweep of this material by the early 1940s. However, within his lifetime, whilst he continued to research, expand and lecture upon the details of his ideas, he released only selected portions of his work to the public in book form:[citation needed]
- Worlds in Collision (1950) discussed the literary and mythical records of the "Venus" and "Mars" catastrophes
- Portions of his Revised Chronology were published as Ages in Chaos (1952), Peoples of the Sea (1977) and Rameses II and His Time (1978) (The related monograph Oedipus and Akhenaten, 1960, posited the thesis that pharaoh Akhenaten was the prototype for the Greek mythic figure Oedipus.)
- Earth in Upheaval (1955) dealt with geological evidence for global natural catastrophes.
Velikovsky's ideas on his earlier Saturn/Mercury/Jupiter events were never published, and the available archived manuscripts are much less developed.[citation needed]
Of all the strands of his work, Velikovsky published least on his belief that electromagnetism plays a role in orbital mechanics. Although he appears to have retreated from the propositions in his 1946 monograph Cosmos without Gravitation, no such retreat is apparent in Stargazers and Gravediggers.[32] Cosmos without Gravitation, which Velikovsky placed in university libraries and sent to scientists, is a probable catalyst for the hostile response of astronomers and physicists to his later claims about astronomy.[33] However, other Velikovskian enthusiasts such as Ralph Juergens (dec.), Earl Milton (dec.), Wal Thornhill, and Donald E. Scott have claimed that stars are powered not by internal nuclear fusion, but by galactic-scale electrical discharge currents. Such ideas do not find support in the conventional literature and are rejected as pseudoscience by the scientific community.[34][35][36]
Revised chronology
Velikovsky argued that the conventional chronology of the Near East and classical world, based upon Egyptian
These ideas were first put forward briefly in his Theses for the Reconstruction of Ancient History, but Ages in Chaos was his first full-length work on the subject. This was followed by Oedipus and Akhenaton, Peoples of the Sea and Rameses II and His Time, and two further works that were unpublished at the time of his death but that are now available online at the Velikovsky Archive: The Assyrian Conquest and The Dark Ages of Greece.
Though rejected by mainstream historians, these ideas have been developed by other historians such as
Reception
Velikovskyism
Velikovsky inspired numerous followers during the 1960s and 1970s.
Alfred de Grazia dedicated a 1963 issue of his journal, American Behavioral Scientist, to Velikovsky, which was published in an expanded version as a book, The Velikovsky Affair — Scientism Versus Science, in 1966.
The Society for Interdisciplinary Studies (SIS) was "formed in 1974 in response to the growing interest in the works of modern catastrophists, notably the highly controversial Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky". The Institute for the Study of Interdisciplinary Sciences (ISIS) is a 1985 spinoff from the SIS founded under the directorship of
Criticism
Velikovsky's ideas have been rejected by mainstream academia (often vociferously so) and his work is generally regarded as erroneous in all its detailed conclusions. Moreover, scholars view his unorthodox methodology (for example, using comparative mythology to derive scenarios in celestial mechanics) as an unacceptable way to arrive at conclusions. Stephen Jay Gould[38] offered a synopsis of the mainstream response to Velikovsky, writing, "Velikovsky is neither crank nor charlatan—although, to state my opinion and to quote one of my colleagues, he is at least gloriously wrong ... Velikovsky would rebuild the science of celestial mechanics to save the literal accuracy of ancient legends."
Velikovsky's bestselling, and as a consequence most criticized, book is
Velikovsky relates in his book Stargazers & Gravediggers how he tried to protect himself from criticism of his celestial mechanics by removing the original appendix on the subject from Worlds in Collision, hoping that the merit of his ideas would be evaluated on the basis of his comparative mythology and use of literary sources alone. However, this strategy did not protect him: the appendix was an expanded version of the Cosmos Without Gravitation monograph, which he had already distributed to Shapley and others in the late 1940s—and they had regarded the physics within it as absurd.[citation needed]
By 1974, the controversy surrounding Velikovsky's work had permeated US society to the point where the
It was not until the 1980s that a very detailed critique of Worlds in Collision was made in terms of its use of mythical and literary sources when Bob Forrest published a highly critical examination of them (see
More recently, the absence of supporting material in ice-core studies (such as the Greenland Dye-3 and Vostok cores) has removed any basis for the proposition of a global catastrophe of the proposed dimension within the later Holocene period. However, tree-ring expert Mike Baillie would give credit to Velikovsky after disallowing the impossible aspects of Worlds in Collision: "However, I would not disagree with all aspects of Velikovsky's work. Velikovsky was almost certainly correct in his assertion that ancient texts hold clues to catastrophic events in the relatively recent past, within the span of human civilization, which involve the effects of comets, meteorites and cometary dust ... But fundamentally, Velikovsky did not understand anything about comets ... He did not know about the hazard posed by relatively small objects ... This failure to recognize the power of comets and asteroids means that it is reasonable to go back to Velikovsky and delete all the physically impossible text about Venus and Mars passing close to the earth ... In other words, we can get down to his main thesis, which is that the Earth experienced dramatic events from heavenly bodies particularly in the second millennium BC."[43]
Velikovsky's revised chronology has been rejected by nearly all mainstream historians and
While James credits Velikovsky with "point[ing] the way to a solution by challenging Egyptian chronology", he severely criticised the contents of Velikovsky's chronology as "disastrously extreme", producing "a rash of new problems far more severe than those it hoped to solve" and claiming that "Velikovsky understood little of archaeology and nothing of stratigraphy."[51]
Bauer accuses Velikovsky of dogmatically asserting interpretations which are at best possible, and gives several examples from Ages in Chaos.[52]
"The Velikovsky Affair"
Such was the hostility directed against Velikovsky from some quarters (particularly the original campaign led by
The scientific press, in general, denied Velikovsky a forum to rebut his critics. Velikovsky claimed that this made him a "suppressed genius", and he likened himself to the 16th century heretical friar Giordano Bruno, who was burnt at the stake for his beliefs.[57][58][59]
The controversy created by Velikovsky's publications may have helped revive the catastrophist movement in the second half of the 20th century; however, some working in the field also hold that progress has actually been retarded by the negative aspects of the so-called Velikovsky Affair.[60][61]
Works
Title | Year | Publisher | ISBN | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Worlds in Collision | 1950 | Macmillan | 978-1-906833-11-4 | original edition |
1950 | Doubleday | 978-1-906833-11-4 | transferred to new publisher | |
2009 | Paradigma | 978-1-906833-11-4 | reissued | |
Ages in Chaos: From the Exodus to King Akhnaton |
1952 | Doubleday | 978-1-906833-13-8 | first edition |
2009 | Paradigma | 978-1-906833-51-0 | reissued | |
Earth In Upheaval | 1955 | Doubleday | 978-1-906833-12-1 | first edition |
2009 | Paradigma | 978-1-906833-52-7 | reissued | |
Oedipus and Akhnaton | 1960 | Doubleday | 978-1-906833-18-3 | first edition |
2018 | Paradigma | 978-1-906833-58-9 | reissued | |
Peoples of the Sea (Ages in Chaos) |
1977 | Doubleday | 978-1-906833-15-2 | first edition |
2011 | Paradigma | 978-1-906833-55-8 | reissued | |
Ramses II and His Time (Ages in Chaos) |
1978 | Doubleday | 978-1-906833-14-5 | first edition |
2010 | Paradigma | 978-1-906833-54-1 | reissued | |
Mankind in Amnesia | 1982 | Doubleday | 978-1-906833-16-9 | first edition |
2010 | Paradigma | 978-1-906833-56-5 | reissued | |
Stargazers and Gravediggers | 1983 | William Morrow | 978-1-906833-17-6 | first edition |
2012 | Paradigma | 978-1-906833-57-2 | reissued | |
In the Beginning | 2020 | Paradigma | 978-1-906833-50-3 | also available from the Velikovsky archive |
The Dark Age of Greece (Ages in Chaos) |
2023 | Paradigma | 978-1-906833-59-6 | also available from the Velikovsky archive |
The Assyrian Conquest (Ages in Chaos) |
posthumous | unpublished | manuscript | available from the Velikovsky archive |
References
Citations
- ^ Immanuel Velikovsky at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Goodman, George (18 November 1979). "Immanuel Velikovsky, Who Wrote 'Worlds in Collision,' Is Dead at 84". The New York Times.
- .
- ^ Princeton University press release, July 29, 2005 [https://web.archive.org/web/20080822012133/http://www.ruthvelikovskysharon.com/immanuel.html Archived August 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (quoted on website of Ruth Velikovsky Sharon)
- ISBN 978-0-226-30442-7.
- ^ "Johann Gottlieb Radlof — The Velikovsky Encyclopedia". Velikovsky.info. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
- Kronosvol. IX, no. 3, 1984. pp. 44–49.
- ISBN 0-521-81928-8. pp. 116–119.
- ISBN 1-57607-653-9. 473–488.
- ^ Cohen, Daniel (1967). Myths of the Space Age, Dodd Mead. LCCN 67-25108. Chap. VIII, Immanuel Velikovsky — the Man Who Challenged the World, pp. 172–94.
- ^ Gordon, Theodore J. (1966). Ideas in Conflict, St. Martin's Press. LCCN 66-23261. Chap. 2, The Miracles of Exodus, pp. 18–48.
- ISBN 0-671-21822-0. Chap. viii, Speaking of Flying Objects ..., pp. 139–86.
- ^ Bauer, Henry H. (1992). The Velikovsky Affair Aeon, 2 (6), 75–84. Homestead.com This article, a comprehensive overview, originally appeared in Dec. 1988 La Recherche, pp. 1448–55.
- ISBN 1-57392-021-5. pp. 781–788.
- ISBN 0-8020-2634-6. Chap. 5, Pseudo-science, pp. 120–50; adapted from Grove, J. W. (1985). Rationality at Risk: Science against Pseudoscience. Minerva, 23 (2), 216-40.
- ^ Karpel, Dalia (2013). "The Tel Aviv Psychiatrist Who Became a Cultural Hero in America". Haaretz.
- ^ Velikovsky, I. "The Dreams Freud Dreamed" Psychoanalytic Review Vol. 28 pp. 487–511 (October, 1941), Varchive.org
- ISBN 0-688-01545-X. p. 63.
- ^ Sharon, Ruth Velikovsky: "Aba: The Glory and the Torment. The Life of Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky" McGraw Hill, 1995
- ^ Duane Vorhees, "The Early Years: Part Two", Aeon III:1 (Nov 1992). See also the Web site of Ruth Velikovsky Sharon Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Vorhees, Duane (1996). Aeon, 4 (2), 107-11.
- ^ Ellenberger, Leroy (1996). Journal of Scientific Exploration, 10 (4), 561-9., UGA.edu
- ^ Moore, Brian (1997). Chronology & Catastrophism Review 1997 (2), 51.
- ^ The Immanuel Velikovsky Archive
- ^ Princeton University Library Archived 2006-05-12 at the Wayback Machine Current listing (less detail): Immanuel Velikovsky Papers
- ^ See Varchive.org for a list
- ^ Velikovsky, Immanuel (1942). Affidavit, November 23.
- ^ Collected at Varchive.com
- ^ Velikovsky penned a weekly political column under the moniker "Observer" in the New York Post November 25, 1947– June 23, 1949, Varchive.org
- ^ Sieff, M "Velikovsky and his Heroes" Society for Interdisciplinary Studies Review Vol. V, issue 4 (1984)
- ^ Vorhees, Duane. (1990). The "Jewish Science" of Immanuel Velikovsky: Culture and Biography as Ideational Determinants. Dissertation, Bowling Green State University.
- ISBN 0-688-01545-X. Footnote, p. 165, indicates no retreat and states "Gravitation is an electromagnetic phenomenon."
- ISBN 0-252-01104-X. p. 233.
- ^ Ellenberger, C. Leroy 1985. sec. "Electric Stars" in "Still Facing Many Problems (Part II)", Kronos X (3), pp. 15–23.
- ^ Thompson, Tim 2001. "On the 'Electric Sun' Hypothesis". Thompson is a physicist retired from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
- ^ Bridgman, W. T. 2008. "The Electric Sky, Short-Circuited" Archived 2009-09-19 at the Wayback Machine. Bridgman is an astrophysicist at NASA-Goddard Spaceflight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
- ^ Bauer, Henry H. (1985), "Inside the Velikovsky Affair" (PDF), Skeptical Inquirer, 9 (3): 284–288.
- ^ Gould, Stephen Jay, Velikovsky in Collision
- ISBN 0-8014-0961-6. pp. 41–104.
- ^ Here is an example of the reworking of the text between 1977 and 1979: "My own position is that even if twenty percent of the legendary concordances which Velikovsky produces are real, there is something important to be explained ... Likewise, we should not be surprised if a few elements of a few legends are coincidentally identical. But I do not believe that all of the concordances which Velikovsky produces can be explained away in this manner" (1977, pp. 48–50), compared with "My own position is that if even 20 percent of the legendary concordances that Velikovsky produces are real, there is something important to be explained ... Likewise, we should not be surprised if a few elements of a few legends are coincidentally identical. But I believe that all of the concordances Velikovsky produces can be explained away in this manner" (1979, pp. 86–88).
- ^ Fitton, James (1974). Velikovsky Mythistoricus. Chiron, I (1&2), 29–36; excerpts at UGA.edu
- ^ A Lesson from Velikovsky
- ISBN 0-7134-8352-0. Chap. 12, Velikovsky Revisited, pp. 166–180 (170–172).
- ^ Albright, William 1952. New York Herald Tribune Book Review April 20. Retelling the Near East's Ancient History. p. 6.
- ^ Kaempffert, Waldemar, "Solomon, the Queen of Sheba, and the Egypt of Exodus" (abstract with subscriber access to full PDF), New York Times Book Review p. 23, April 20, 1952. Digital link retrieved 2015-07-18.
- ISBN 0-87975-260-2. pp. 57–80.
- ^ Transcript in Aeon 1992, Vol.3 No.1, pp. 103–5. Also "Address of Abraham Sachs at Brown University, 3/15/65"; provided by Leroy Ellenberger via abob.libs.uga.edu. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
- Otto Neugebauer ], moderated by Henry Kučera (linguistics). In the event, Velikovsky debated the first three handily. He was stunned by Sachs whose address was both a rhetorical and substantive tour de force. Velikovsky's rebuttal began: 'Dr. Sachs threw so many accusations in that Philippic of his that I am at a difficulty to answer; but I invite Dr. Sachs to spend the hour and a half tomorrow at the meeting [at Diman House], and every one of you too, and point by point each of his statements will be proven wrong.' Unfortunately, Sachs did not show up the next day and Velikovsky did not even mention Sachs [according to the tape recording of the proceedings in the possession of Warner B. Sizemorewho loaned it to Ellenberger March 31, 1979]. Curiously, Velikovsky's file for the Brown trip contains typed rebuttals to all the panelists except Sachs, for whom only partial, penciled notes exist—but later that year Velikovsky would reply to Kim J. Masters, a Princeton sophomore, within a week in The Daily Princetonian (Nov. 15, 1965) over a criticism of Oedipus and Akhnaton. Velikovsky's rebuttal to Masters was scathing, running the gamut from haggling over details to ad hominems.
- ^ "Ages in Chaos?'-Proceedings of the Residential Weekend Conference, Glasgow, 7th–9th April 1978" Society for Interdisciplinary Studies Review Vol. VI, issue 1/2/3 84pp (1982)
- ^ Bimson, "Finding the Limits of Chronological Revision" in "Proceedings of the SIS Conference: Ages Still in Chaos" Chronology & Catastrophism Review 2003
- ^ James, Peter, Preface from Centuries of Darkness
- ^ Bauer Beyond Velikovsky pages 158–60
- ^ http://www.grazian-archive.com/quantavolution/QUANTAVOL/va_docs/va_1.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- .
- JSTOR 690283.
- ISBN 0-7100-0445-1
- ^ Velikovsky, I. The Acceptance of Correct Ideas in Science, Varchive.org
- ^ Velikovsky, I My Challenge to Conventional Views in Science, presented at the AAAS 1974 conference, Varchive.org
- ^ Velikovsky, I Claude Schaeffer, Varchive.org
- ISBN 0-471-30824-2. p. 155.
- David Raup, Richard Muller, Jay Melosh, Peter Ward, and Don Yeomans. This survey confirms the hunch expressed by Morrison and Clark R. Chapman[clarification needed] in Chapter 13 "Catastrophism Gone Wild: The Case of Immanuel Velikovsky" in Cosmic Catastrophes (1989), pp. 183–96.
Sources
- Abell, George O. (1981). Scientists and Velikovsky, in Paranormal Borderlands of Science, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books.
- Allan, D.S. and J.B. Delair (1995). When The Earth Nearly Died. Gateway Books, UK. published in US as Cataclysm by Bear & Co, 1997. A précis is here. (When the Earth Nearly Died Knowledge.co.uk)
- Bauer, Henry H. (1980). Passions and Purposes: A Perspective, Skeptical Inquirer, Vol 5, #1, Fall 1980, 28–31. Reprinted in Paranormal Borderlands of Science, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books.
- Bauer, Henry H. (1984, paperback ed. 1999). Beyond Velikovsky. The History of a Public Controversy. University of Illinois, Urbana.
- Bauer, Henry H. (1995). Velikovsky's place in the history of science: A lesson on the strengths and limitations of science. Skeptic 3 (4), 52–56. Homestead.com
- ISBN 0-471-27242-6. Pages 396–401.
- Stecchini L.C. (Eds.) (1978). The Velikovsky Affair — Scientism versus Science. 2ed., Metron Publications, Princeton, New Jersey. Also online.
- Alfred de Grazia, Cosmic Heretics 2nd edition (2013), ISBN 978-1-60377-084-2
- Dolby, R. G. A. (1975). What Can We Usefully Learn from the Velikovsky Affair. Social Studies of Science 5, 165–75; revised as On Schools of Thought, S.I.S. Review 1976; I(3), 26–30.
- Forrest, Bob (1981). Velikovsky's Sources. In six volumes, with Notes and Index Volume. Privately published by the author, Manchester.
- Forrest, Robert (1983). Venus and Velikovsky: The Original Sources, Skeptical Inquirer, Vol 8, #2, Winter 1983–1984, 154–164.
- Forrest, Bob (1987). Guide to Velikovsky's Sources. Stonehenge Viewpoint, Santa Barbara.
- Frazier, Kendrick (1980). The Distortions Continue, Skeptical Inquirer, Vol 5, #1, Fall 1980, 32–38. Reprinted in Paranormal Borderlands of Science, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books.
- ISBN 0-486-20394-8
- Goldsmith, Donald, (Ed.) (1977) Scientists Confront Velikovsky. Norton. Proceedings of a symposium at the 1974 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
- Gordin, Michael D. (2012). The Pseudoscience Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the Birth of the Modern Fringe. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-30442-7.
- Greenberg, Lewis M. (1986), Scientists Confront Scientists Who Confront Velikovsky (2nd printing ed.), Glassboro, N.J.: Kronos Press, ISBN 978-0-917994-06-7. This book is Kronos IV:2, (1978) with a different cover. (see also Scientists Confront Scientists Who Confront Velikovsky)
- Marriott, David (2004) The Velikovsky Inheritance, Vanguard Press, 2006, ISBN 978-1-84386-121-8.
- Miller, Alice (1977). Index to the Works of Immanuel Velikovsky. Glassboro State College, Glassboro. ISBN 0-917994-07-8
- Oberg, James (1980). Ideas in Collision, Skeptical Inquirer, Vol 5, #1, Fall 1980, 20–27. Reprinted in Paranormal Borderlands of Science, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books.
- Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia (1952). Worlds in Collision, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol 96, Oct. 15, 1952.
- Pensée. 1972–1975. Immanuel Velikovsky Reconsidered. I – X. Student Academic Freedon Forum, Portland.
- Ransom, C.J. (1976) The Age of Velikovsky. Delta, New York. ISBN 0-440-50323-X
- ISBN 0-471-40976-6. Chapter 18.
- Rohl, David (1996) A Test of Time. Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0-09-941656-2
- Scribners, 1981. Chapter 7 in Broca's Brain, "Venus and Dr. Velikovsky", is a corrected and slightly revised version of "An Analysis of Worlds in Collision," which originally appeared in Scientists Confront Velikovsky.
- ISBN 978-1-4363-0435-1, Part I.[self-published source]
- Sharon, Ruth Velikovsky (2010): ABA - The Glory and the Torment: The Life of Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky, Paradigma (new revised edition). ISBN 978-1-906833-20-6
- Sharon, Ruth Velikovsky (2010): Immanuel Velikovsky - The Truth Behind the Torment, Paradigma (new revised edition). ISBN 978-1-906833-21-3
- Editors of Pensée. (1976) Velikovsky Reconsidered. Doubleday, New York. ISBN 0-385-03118-1
External links
Velikovsky works available online
- The Velikovsky Archive — an online collection of works, including unpublished manuscripts and audio recordings of lectures
- Documentary, Velikovsky: The Bonds of the Past, CBC, 22 February 1972
- Documentary, Worlds in Collision, BBC Horizon, 11 January 1973
- Jerry Pournelle's commentaries on Sagan's arguments at the AAAS meeting
- Velikovsky in Collision — Stephen Jay Gould
- Ellenberger, Leroy (1995), "An Antidote to Velikovskian Delusions", Skeptic, 3 (4), retrieved 2007-07-19 (Linked on-line copy has some additions by Ellenberger to the article as originally published.)