In vivo

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see In Vivo (disambiguation).

clinical trials are major elements of in vivo research. In vivo testing is often employed over in vitro because it is better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on a living subject. In drug discovery, for example, verification of efficacy in vivo is crucial, because in vitro assays can sometimes yield misleading results with drug candidate molecules that are irrelevant in vivo (e.g., because such molecules cannot reach their site of in vivo action, for example as a result of rapid catabolism in the liver).[4]

The English microbiologist Professor Harry Smith and his colleagues in the mid-1950s found that sterile filtrates of serum from animals infected with Bacillus anthracis were lethal for other animals, whereas extracts of culture fluid from the same organism grown in vitro were not. This discovery of anthrax toxin through the use of in vivo experiments had a major impact on studies of the pathogenesis of infectious disease.

The maxim in vivo veritas ("in a living thing [there is] truth")[5] is a play on in vino veritas, ("in wine [there is] truth"), a well-known proverb.

In vivo vs. ex vivo research

In

disrupted and individual parts are tested or analyzed, this is known as in vitro.[citation needed
]

Methods of use

According to Christopher

Lipinski and Andrew Hopkins, "Whether the aim is to discover drugs or to gain knowledge of biological systems, the nature and properties of a chemical tool cannot be considered independently of the system it is to be tested in. Compounds that bind to isolated recombinant proteins are one thing; chemical tools that can perturb cell function another; and pharmacological agents that can be tolerated by a live organism and perturb its systems are yet another. If it were simple to ascertain the properties required to develop a lead discovered in vitro to one that is active in vivo, drug discovery would be as reliable as drug manufacturing."[6] Studies on In vivo behavior, determined the formulations of set specific drugs and their habits in a Biorelevant (or Biological relevance) medium.[7]

See also

Look up in vivo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. ^ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, archived from the original on 2020-10-10, retrieved 2014-04-20.
  2. ISBN 978-0-19-517633-9
    .
  3. ISBN 978-1-4338-0562-2
  4. PMID 26281720
    .
  5. doi:10.1126/science.316.5832.1763
    . Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  6. S2CID 4416216
    .
  7. PMID 20458565
    .
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