Industry of the South Humber Bank
The south bank of the
Historically the south bank was undeveloped, and mostly unpopulated, excluding the medieval
From the 1950s onwards a number of chemical plants were built between Immingham and Grimsby, and two major oil refineries built south of Immingham Dock in the 1960s. Growth and development of the oil and chemical industries took place through the 20th century with some contraction of chemical works occurring in the late 20th century.
At the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century a number of
Grimsby – Immingham
Background
The port of Grimsby,[map 1] was a significant local town and market in the medieval period, with fish being the predominant traded good. From around the 14th century the port's importance in international trade diminished, in part due to competition from Hull, Boston, as well as the Hanseatic League; whilst coastal trade and inland waterway trade became more important. In addition to fish a trade foodstuffs also took place, as well as coals from Newcastle and the export of peat dug in Yorkshire.[1] Grimsby's population declined from around 1,400 in 1377 to around 750 by 1600 and to around 400 by the early 1700s. In the late 1700s a new dock was built at Grimsby, under the engineer John Rennie, opened 1800. In the 1840s the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway constructed a rail line to the town, and a new dock was constructed in the same period; the town redeveloped as a port, and its growth re-initiated. Several new docks constructed between 1850 and 1900 with a third fish dock added in 1934. Rail connections linked the port to South Yorkshire, Lancashire and the Midlands; the net tonnage handled by the port increased from 163,000 in the 1850s to 3,777,000 by 1911. The port was also a major fishing centre, landing around 20% of the total UK catch (1934).[2] The town's population rose consistently from 1,500 in 1801, to 75,000 in 1901, and to 92,000 in 1931.[3] Neighbouring Cleethorpes also developed as a residential area for Grimsby as well as a seaside resort during the 19th century.[4][5] In the 20th century, port based industries formed the main economic activities, with fishing being particularly important, influencing other industries in the town, specifically food processing, in particular frozen foods. In the late 1960s around 3,500 were employed directly in the fishing industry; 10,000 were employed in food industries of which 6,000 was fish processing activities; 2,500 in shipbuilding and repair; other lesser employment activities included engineering, and timber related businesses. Most of Grimsby's industries were concentrated on the Dock's estate, and later Pyewipe, west of the main centre.[6]
In 1911
During the 1970s and early 1980s the fishing industry of Grimsby declined (to less than 15% of 1970 levels by tonnage by 1983
Industrialisation (1950–)
After the end of the
Grimsby Corporation acquired 694 acres (281 ha) of land between 1946 and 1953, who then improved the road and rail links,[note 1] and sought industrial developers.[14] An additional 189 acres (76 ha) was acquired by the corporation in Great Coates in 1960 and developed into a light industrial estate.[map 3][note 2][15] Developers included British Titan Products (1949, titanium dioxide pigment), Fisons (1950, phosphate fertilizer), CIBA Laboratories (1951, pharmaceuticals), Laporte Industries (1953, titanium dioxide pigment), Courtaulds (1957, viscose and acrylic fibres).[13][16] By 1961 developments occupied around 1,100 acres (450 ha) and employed over 4,000 persons.[14] A limit to development was the fresh water supply available to industry. By the beginning of the 1960s the Fisons, Laporte, CIBA, Titan, and Courtaulds were consuming 10,000,000 imperial gallons (45,000,000 L; 12,000,000 US gal) per day, all of which was acquired from the chalk aquifer,[17] some from the companies' own boreholes; this combined with Grimsby's water demand gave a total requirement of around 30,000,000 imperial gallons (140,000,000 L; 36,000,000 US gal) per day, which was considered close to what the aquifer could sustainably supply. As a consequence additional sources of supply were sought by the water board.[18]
In the late 1960s two oil refineries were established near
Initially rail transport links were good, but road transport infrastructure very poor, essentially rural lanes.[20] In the late 1960s the government identified the Humber region generally as suitable for large scale industrial development; subsequently development of the road networks on both banks was authorised (see M180 motorway, also M62), as well as the construction of the Humber Bridge.[19]
A number of proposed or potential large scale developments in the latter part of the 20th century were not taken forward: The
By 1987 9,000 were employed in the South Humber bank area (excluding Grimsby-Cleethorpes, and rural north Lincolnshire).[25]
During the 1990s
The
Despite these developments the general character of the north Lincolnshire area in 1990 was agricultural, much of it large scale arable farming on high grade land,[36] a pattern that is unchanged at the beginning of the 21st century.[37]
Business | Established | History |
---|---|---|
British Titan Products | 1949 | British Titan Products Co. Ltd. (BTP) established a plan for the production of BTP Tioxide c. 1976.[39] The plant became part of the Huntsman Corporation in 1999. Overcapacity and competition led to redundancies in the 2000s, and in 2009 the plant ceased operations. In 2013 the 110 acres (45 ha) site was offered for sale for industrial use.[38]
A 13+9 MW |
Fisons | 1950 | Fisons Fertilizers was built adjacent southeast of Immingham Dock, ammonia plant had exploded during pressure-testing at the manufacturers .
In 1982 Fisons sold its fertilizer business to Norsk Hydro.[47] In the late 1980s Norsk Hydro built an ammonium nitrate fertilizer plant at Immingham.[42] In 2000 the company announced it was to close the ammonium nitrate and nitric acid plant at Immingham, resulting in 150 redundancies and ending fertilizer manufacture at the site.[48] In 2004 Norsk Hydro's fertilizer business was demerged as Yara International.[49] As of 2014 Yara operates a dry ice plant at Immingham,[50] as well as operating a distribution centre for liquid fertilizer products.[51] |
CIBA | 1951 | CIBA Laboratories Ltd. established a plant on the Humber bank, Diovan was opened.[52] Much of the plant's production is of pharmaceutical intermediates, produced for export to other plants.[53]
In 1992 Ciba completed a £230 million expansion to the Grimsby plant, including two production units, an 8 MW gas fired CHP power plant, and an effluent treatment plant.[54][55] In the mid 1990s Ciba-Geigy group spin off, 1996) in 1998.[56]
The Allied Colloids site at Grimsby was included in BASF's 2008 acquisitions. In 2010 BASF Performance Products plc was formed incorporating former Ciba plants; the subsidiary was merged in to BASF plc in 2013.[57] |
Laporte Titianium | 1953 | National Titanium Pigments Ltd. (after 1953 Laporte Titanium Ltd.[58]) a subsidiary of Laporte established a plant for the production of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) from Ilmenite by a sulphur process to the south east of Immingham Dock on the Humber bank.[map 8][16]
In the 1950s Laporte was seeking a site for expansion from its titanium dioxide plant in Kingsway, sulphuric acid plant. Both the acid and pigment plant became operational in 1953, with a workforce of about 280. Initial planned capacity was 8,000 t per year in two streams; the production capacity was increased by 8 times over the next 15 years, including extension to the acid production, with a sulphur burning plant (Simon Carves) operational by 1958, and a third acid plant built in 1961.[58]
A research laboratory was opened in 1960. Other production at the site included phthalic anhydride (1966), through a joint venture "Laporte-Synres" with Chemische Industrie Synres (Netherlands); and the synthetic clay laponite (1968). A plant producing titanium diozide pigment by the chloride process was commissioned in 1970, and expansion begun in 1976. By 1977 employment was nearly 1600.[58] In 1980/1, in part due to increased energy costs, Laporte announced it was to shut down its 40,000t titanium dioxide pa sulphate process with the loss of 1,000 jobs; later reduced to a halving of production. In 1983/4 Laporte sold its titanium dioxide business to SCM Corporation (USA), the Laponite production facilities were subsequently transferred to Laporte in Widness. Further expansion of the chloride process for titanium dioxide by SCM led to a production capacity of 78,000 pa by 1986, whilst production capacity via the sulphate process was 31,000 t pa.[58][59]
In 1990 SCM announced it was to reduce production by 24,000 t from 110,000 t pa to comply with EEC environmental regulations. In 2007 Millennium Inorganic Chemicals was acquired by Saudi Arabian firm Cristal (National Titanium Dioxide Company Limited).[64][65]
In 2009 the plant employed 400 workers; production was halted temporarily after European demand dropped 35% due to a recession.[66] In 2019 Cristal was acquired by Tronox. Cristal’s North American TiO2 business was sold to British chemicals firm Ineos as a condition of the acquisition required by the US Federal Trade Commission[67][68] There have been serious process safety incidents involving titanium tetrachloride at the plant: In 2010 a vessel containing titanium tetrachloride and hydrochloric acid ruptured injuring three operators with inhalation and chemical burns from the toxic/corrosive substances. One of the operators subsequently died from his injuries.[69][70] In 2012 the Health and Safety Executive stopped production for 3 months after the release of titanium tetrachloride in 2011.[71] A twin 6 MW has turbine plus 3 MW steam turbine is operated by NPower Cogen (since 2004, formerly TXU Energy) at the site.[72] |
John Bull Rubber | 1955 | John Bull Rubber established a factory near Grimsby in 1955.[73][map 9] John Bull Rubber was acquired by Dunlop in 1959.[74] The factory produced rubber hoses, and is still in operation as of 2012 as part of Dunlop Oil & Marine.[75] |
Courtaulds | 1957 | Courtaulds Ltd. established a plant for the production of Acrylic fibre via acrylonitrile polymerisation on the Humber bank roughly halfway between Immingham and Grimsby docks.[map 10][16] Capacity was 100,000,000 pounds (45,000 t) of rayon, with the acrylic plant opened in 1957 with an initial capacity of 10,000,000 pounds (4,500 t) of Courtelle, increased to 100,000,000 pounds (45,000 t) by 1969;[46] the plant was further expanded in the 1960s and early 1970s. At a peak it employed around 2800. In the 1980s foreign competition and the establishment of production in former client markets led to the beginning of a decline in employment.[76]
Akzo Nobel acquired the plant in 1998,[77] forming the company Acordis after merging with its own fibre business, which was divested to CVC Capital Partners in 1999.
In 2004 production facilities for The other production plant (as part of Accordis), entered administration in 2005 at which point employment had been reduced to 475, was restarted as Fibres Worldwide with a workforce of 275, but entered administration in 2006. The plant being acquired by carbon fibre precursor (Polyacrylonitrile). Production ended in 2013 due to loss of demand,[77]
A 48 MW gas powered CH&P power station at the site was spun off as Humber Energy Ltd. in 2005 whilst the parent was in administration; the firm was acquired by In mid 2015 a 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2) building space industrial estate was approved for the site.[81][82] |
Harco / Doverstrand / Revertex | 1963 | A synthetic latex manufacturing facility was established c. 1962 near Stallingboroug by acrylonitrile butadiene latices.[85]
Revertex began production of Lithene (liquid polybutadienes) in 1974 near Stallingborough.[86] In 1963 the Harlow Chemical Company (Harco) was established as a joint venture between Revertex and Hoescht for chemical production.[87] In 1976 Harco began the construction of a 30,000 t pa resin emulsion plant at a greenfield site near Stallingborough,[88][89] the plant began operations in 1978.[90] Additional dispersion production transferred from Harlow to Stallingborough in 1991.[91] Revertex was acquired by Yule Catto took over Harco, acquiring the 50% shareholding of partner Clariant,[94] and merged the business into its Synthomer subsidiary in 2002, resulting in the merger of the adjacent Synthomer and Harco activities at Stallingborough.[95][map 11]
Latex production ended late 2011, and further adhesive chemical production facilities were established at the site c. 2012.[91][96] |
Total-Fina | 1968 |
In 2007 construction of a hydrodesulfurization unit and steam Methane reformer was begun.[99] In 2009 workers at the plant went on strike due to preferential employment of foreign works, leading to a series of sympathy walkouts at other UK chemical, energy and petroleum plants, (see 2009 Lindsey Oil Refinery strikes). The strike delayed the installation of the desulphurisation unit by 6 months.[100] A fire and explosion occurred at the plant in 2010,[101] killing one worker.[102] The fire further delayed the de-sulphurisation unit.[103] The de-sulphurisation unit was official inaugurated in 2011.[104] In 2010 Total announced it planned to sell the refinery, citing overcapacity;[105] by late 2011 the company had failed to sell the plant, and halted the sales process.[106] |
Continental Oil | 1969 | Humber Oil Refinery;[map 13] Initial refining capacity was 4.5 million tons per year. In addition to a full range of refined products (heavy fuel oil to liquified petroleum gas), the plant also incorporated a 110,000 ton per year benzene production, and a 250,000 ton electrode grade petroleum coke plant.[97]
The Humber Estuary is used to discharge oil tankers with the oil stored at the Tetney Oil Terminal,[map 14] and transferred via pipeline.[108]
A fire and explosion occurred at the plant in 2001.[109] |
Humber Power Ltd. | 1997/1999 | The South Humber Bank Power Station was constructed between 1994 and 1997 near the Humber Estuary northeast of Stallingborough;[map 15] The initial development consisting of three 166 MW gas turbines, and 255 MW steam turbine. A second phase was built between 1996 and 1999 with two 166 MW gas turbines and one 171 MW steam turbine.[28] Gas turbines are ABB Alstom GT13E2 machines, with ABB steam turbines and generators.[110] Total power 1.266 GW
The owner Humber Power Limited was a venture of Midland Power, ABB Energy Ventures, Tomen Group, British Energy and TotalFinaElf. Ownership was consolidated in TotalFinaElf, who sold 60% to GB Gas Holdings Ltd., a subsidiary of Centrica (2001).[111] In 2005 Centrica took 100% ownership of the plant.[110] In early 2014 Centrica began to seek buyers for a number of its gas power plants, including its South Humber and Killingholme plants,[112] in early 2015 it decided to retain the plant, but sought to reduce the output from 1,285 to 540 MW from April 2015.[113] In July 2015 Centrica announced it was to overhaul the gas turbines at a cost of £63 million, increasing total capacity by 14 MW.[114] |
ConocoPhillips | 2004 | The ConocoPhillips' Franco Tosi steam turbines for a further 2x 155 MW output. 'Waste' steam was used to provide thermal power to both the Humber and Lindsey refineries. The plant included two auxiliary boilers to ensure a constant supply of steam for the refineries.[29]
In 2009 the plant was expanded raising generating capacity from 730 to 1,180 MW, with one 285 MW GE 9FB gas turbine, with a 200 MW Toshiba steam turbine driven via a HRSG.[30] Energy production at the plant is primarily determined by heat supply requirements.[30] In 2013 Vitol acquired the plant through acquisition of Phillips 66 subsidiary Phillips 66 Power Operations Ltd.; the plant was renamed Immingham CHP.[115] |
National Power | 1994 | In 1994 National Power built a 665 MW combined cycle gas fired powerstation near North Killingholme.[map 17] The plant consisted of three 145 MW gas turbines with a 227 MW steam turbine.[26] NEI ABB Gas Turbines Ltd (ABB group) was contracted to supply the plant on a turnkey contract, with three GT13E gas turbines (145 MW) and a 227 MW steam turbine.[22]
In 2000 NRG Energy acquired the plant for £410 million,[116] and in 2004 Centrica acquired the plant for £142 million after a fall in electricity prices.[117][118] In early 2014 Centrica began to seek buyers for a number of its gas power plants, including its South Humber and Killingholme plants,[119] and in early 2015 began discussion on the closure of the plant, having received no acceptable bids for the plant.[120] Sometimes referred to as Killingholme A.[27][121] |
Powergen | 1992 | In 1992
In 1996 a water cooling system was fitted to the plant, designed to reduce plume formation.[122] In 2002 the plant was mothballed due to low electricity prices; the plant was restarted in 2005.[123] In June 2015 E.On announced it was to close the powerstation.[124] Sometimes referred to as Killingholme B.[27][121] |
South Ferriby – Immingham
Clay and chalk based industries
At Barton upon Humber clay had been extracted for tile making since at least the 18th century.[128] Several brick and tile manufactures operated during the 19th century, with growth stimulated in part by the end of the Brick tax in 1850. By 1892 works included Ness End, West Field, Humber Brick and Tile, Barton, Morris's, Dinsdale-Ellis-Wilson, Garside's, Blyth's Ing, Burton's, Mackrill's (Briggs), Pioneer, Hoe Hill and Spencer's. The works extended along most of the Humber bank from Barton Cliff around 1 mile west of barton Haven to Barrow Haven. The works reduced in number during the first half of the 20th century.[129][130] By the 1970 much of the foreshore had been extracted, and the majority of works were no longer active.[131] Several of the works had industrial railways, generally connecting the workings to the works; in some cases clay was exported directly, such as that supplied to G.T. Earle's cement works in Wilmington, Kingston upon Hull from the Humber Brick & Tile works (c. 1893–1900).[132] Many of the Barton brick and tile works closed in the 1950s.[133][134] As of 2009 the Blyth's tile works at Hoe Hill is still operational, producing tiles using non-modern methods at a small scale.[129]
The clay extraction, and brick and tile industry extended further east along the Humber bank. There were further works at
In the 1890s George Henry Skelsey used funds from a public listing of his company to build a cement plant, Port Adamant Works, at Barton, west of the Haven, replacing a site he had acquired in 1885 at Morley Street,
Adjacent west of the New Cliff quarry was Barton Cliff Quarry,[map 20] (chalk) also connected by a short rail line to the Humber foreshore; the quarry closed 1915.[139] To the south west was Leggott's Quarry,[map 21] (also known as "Ferriby Quarry"), also connected by a short rail line to the foreshore.[140] The two quarries supplied chalk, including to G.T. Earle's Stoneferry and Wilmington plants respectively.[136][137]
In 1938
A modern tile manufacturer Goxhill Tilieries (as of 2014 part of the Wienerberger group via Sandtoft) is located east of New Holland and north of Goxhill (near the former Quebec brickyard).[map 24] The company Sandtoft was established in 1904 as brick maker, and started tile production at Goxhill in 1934. Concrete tile manufacturing capacity was expanded during the 20th century.[142][143]
BritAg fertilizers
A fertilizer works was established at Barton, near the river bank east of the Haven in 1874 by "The Farmers Company".[144] In 1968 the owner A.C.C. (Associated Chemical Companies) established new chemically based fertilizer production at the site,[map 25] including a 180t per day Nitric acid plant, a 317t per day ammonium nitrate plant, plus a 475t per day fertilizer plant.[145] In 1965 A.C.C. became a full subsidiary of Albright and Wilson, including the Barton plant.[146]
The fertilizer business of Albright and Wilson was acquired by ICI in 1983,[147] Loss of UK market share caused ICI to close the plant in the late 1980s, as well as other fertilizer production facilities.[42]
Subsequently, the site was sold to Glanford borough, and later redeveloped together with former brick yards as a park Water's Edge.
Other
In 1992 Kimberly-Clark established a large nappy mill outside Barton upon Humber,[map 26] the plant was built at a cost of about £100,000, for the manufacture of Huggies nappies.[148] The plant was closed in 2013, due to the company ceasing most of its production of nappies in the European market.[149] In August 2013 Wren Kitchens took over the 180 acres (73 ha) site and began conversion of the 750,000 square feet (70,000 m2) factory space into head offices, plus manufacturing and warehousing.[150] In April 2020, Wren began an extension project to its facility at the cost of £130 million.
There are also private wharfs at Barton-upon-Humber (Waterside),[map 27] Barrow Haven,[map 28] and New Holland.[map 29][151]
Redevelopments
At the Barton foreshore directly west of Barton Haven the brick works had been closed and demolished by 1955, and an extension of a fertilizer works, BritAg, was built on the site. After closure the site was acquired by
Tile and brickyards east of Barton Haven which were abandoned in the 1950s now form part of the 100 acres (40 ha) Far Ings National Nature Reserve,[map 31] established in 1983 by the Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust.[133][154]
From 2013/4 Leggott's (or Ferriby) quarry has been reused as an airsoft recreation site.[155][156][157]
See also
- Fos-sur-Mer (France), Europoort (Netherlands) – similar estuarine areas with post war industrial development
Notes
- ^ The rail line serving industrial plants along the Humber bank was on the track route of the former Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway
- ^ Great Coates Industrial Estate, also known as Pyewipe industrial estate, or South Humberside Industrial estate.
- ^ The Killingholme CCGT power station was built on site c. 1993.[22]
- ^ Sources give either 1989 or 1991
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- ^ Pevsner, Harris & Antram 1989, pp. 121–127.
- ^ a b Ball & Smith Hesleden 1969, pp. 20–21.
- ^ a b "The Brick and Tile Story in Barton", inbarton.atwebpages.com, 2009, retrieved 23 August 2014
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- ^ Ordnance Survey. Lincolnshire Sheets 6NE, 6SE
- ^ Sources:
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- ^ Fertilizer industries of Europe, British Sulphur Corporation, 1968, p. 117
- ^ Pettigrew 2011, p. 210.
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- ^ Source
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Maps
- ^ 53°34′29″N 0°04′29″W / 53.57461°N 0.07477°W, Grimsby
- ^ 53°37′41″N 0°11′35″W / 53.62794°N 0.19309°W, Immingham Dock
- ^ 53°34′35″N 0°07′02″W / 53.57631°N 0.11734°W, Great Coates industrial estate
- ^ 53°39′57″N 0°14′14″W / 53.66580°N 0.23709°W, Humber Sea terminal
- ^ 53°34′59″N 0°06′16″W / 53.58305°N 0.10435°W, British Titan Products
- ^ 53°37′25″N 0°11′27″W / 53.62369°N 0.19085°W, Fisons Fertilizers
- ^ 53°35′10″N 0°06′50″W / 53.58622°N 0.11396°W, CIBA Laboratories
- ^ 53°36′56″N 0°09′36″W / 53.61542°N 0.15994°W, Laporte Titanium
- ^ 53°34′56″N 0°06′44″W / 53.58212°N 0.11217°W, John Bull Rubber
- ^ 53°35′36″N 0°07′50″W / 53.59324°N 0.13046°W, Courtaulds
- ^ 53°36′18″N 0°08′33″W / 53.60487°N 0.14246°W, Synthomer Ltd.
- ^ 53°38′38″N 0°15′03″W / 53.64380°N 0.25076°W, Total-Fina refinery
- ^ 53°38′01″N 0°14′53″W / 53.63370°N 0.24814°W, Continental Oil refinery
- ^ 53°30′00″N 0°00′04″E / 53.49992°N 0.00123°E, Tetney oil terminal (tank farm)
- ^ 53°36′05″N 0°08′42″W / 53.60138°N 0.14489°W, South Humber Bank power station
- ^ 53°38′16″N 0°14′11″W / 53.63764°N 0.23630°W, Immingham gas power station (Vitol)
- ^ 53°39′34″N 0°15′18″W / 53.65952°N 0.25511°W, Killingholme A CCGT (National Power)
- ^ 53°39′15″N 0°15′19″W / 53.65419°N 0.25518°W, Killingholme B CCGT (Powergen)
- ^ 53°41′15″N 0°28′37″W / 53.6876°N 0.47703°W, New Cliff quarry
- ^ 53°41′15″N 0°28′47″W / 53.6875°N 0.47985°W, Barton Cliff quarry
- ^ 53°40′56″N 0°29′14″W / 53.6821°N 0.48720°W, Leggott's quarry
- ^ 53°40′34″N 0°31′47″W / 53.67608°N 0.52959°W, Eastwood's Cement (now CEMEX)
- ^ 53°40′11″N 0°29′45″W / 53.6696°N 0.49594°W, Middlegate quarry
- ^ 53°42′29″N 0°19′52″W / 53.70812°N 0.33119°W, Goxhill Tileries
- ^ 53°41′44″N 0°26′19″W / 53.69551°N 0.43858°W, BritAg fertilizers
- ^ 53°41′07″N 0°24′56″W / 53.68516°N 0.41557°W, Kimberley Clark factory
- ^ 53°41′46″N 0°26′35″W / 53.69607°N 0.44312°W, Barton Haven
- ^ 53°41′57″N 0°23′37″W / 53.69924°N 0.39365°W, Barrow Haven
- ^ 53°42′15″N 0°21′38″W / 53.70405°N 0.36056°W, New Holland
- ^ 53°41′39″N 0°25′56″W / 53.69406°N 0.43218°W, Water's Edge country park (former clay pits, and fertilizer plant)
- ^ 53°41′44″N 0°28′09″W / 53.69543°N 0.46907°W, Far Ings Nature Reserve (former clay pits)
Sources
- Ball, Henry William; Smith Hesleden, William (1969) [1856], The Social History and Antiquities of Barton-upon-Humber
- Ellis, S.; Crowther, D.R., eds. (1990), Humber Perspectives : A region through the ages
- Hiner, Owen S. (November 1961), "Industrial Development on South Humberside", Geography, 46 (4), Geographical Association: 354–357, JSTOR 40565548
- Lewis, Peter; Jones, Philip N. (1970), "The Humberside Region", Industrial Britain, David & Charles, ISBN 0-7153-4897-3
- Pettigrew, Andrew M. (2011) [1985], The Awakening Giant : Continuity and Change in Imperial Chemical Industries
- Pevsner, Nikolaus; Harris, John; Antram, Nicholas (1989), "Lincolnshire", The Buildings of England (2nd ed.)
- Symes, David, ed. (1987), Humberside in the 1980s, ISBN 978-0-85958-119-6
Further reading
- Graham, J. M. (2001). From British Titan Products to Huntsman Tioxide: A Company History 1930 to 2000. Huntsman Tioxide.
External links
- Industrial History (Barton upon Humber)
- Mercer, Val, "Ferriby Cliff Quarry", www.winteringham.info