Integral membrane protein

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Integral membrane proteins
)
plasma membrane; I, intracellular space

An integral, or intrinsic, membrane protein (IMP)

nonpolar solvents, or sometimes denaturing
agents.

Proteins that adhere only temporarily to cellular membranes are known as peripheral membrane proteins. These proteins can either associate with integral membrane proteins, or independently insert in the lipid bilayer in several ways.

Structure

Three-dimensional structures of ~160 different integral membrane proteins have been determined at

gene ontology
classification)

IMPs can be divided into two groups:

  1. Integral polytopic proteins (Transmembrane proteins)
  2. Integral monotopic proteins

Integral polytopic protein

Main article: Transmembrane protein

The most common type of IMP is the transmembrane protein, which spans the entire biological membrane. Single-pass membrane proteins cross the membrane only once, while multi-pass membrane proteins weave in and out, crossing the membrane several times. Single pass membrane proteins can be categorized as Type I, which are positioned such that their carboxyl-terminus is towards the cytosol, or Type II, which have their amino-terminus towards the cytosol. Type III proteins have multiple transmembrane domains in a single polypeptide, while type IV consists of several different polypeptides assembled together in a channel through the membrane. Type V proteins are anchored to the lipid bilayer through covalently linked lipids. Finally Type VI proteins have both transmembrane domains and lipid anchors.[4]

Group I and II transmembrane proteins have opposite orientations. Group I proteins have the N terminus on the far side and C terminus on the cytosolic side. Group II proteins have the C terminus on the far side and N terminus in the cytosol.

Integral monotopic proteins

Main article: Integral monotopic protein

Integral monotopic proteins are associated with the membrane from one side but do not span the lipid bilayer completely.

Extraction

Many challenges facing the study of integral membrane proteins are attributed to the extraction of those proteins from the

phospholipid bilayer. Since integral proteins span the width of the phospholipid bilayer, their extraction involves disrupting the phospholipids surrounding them, without causing any damage that would interrupt the function or structure of the proteins. Several successful methods are available for performing the extraction including the uses of "detergents, low ionic salt (salting out), shearing force, and rapid pressure change".[5]

Determination of protein structure

The

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCR) and their complexes.[6]

Function

IMPs include transporters, linkers, channels, receptors, enzymes, structural membrane-anchoring domains, proteins involved in accumulation and transduction of energy, and proteins responsible for cell adhesion. Classification of transporters can be found in Transporter Classification Database.[7]

As an example of the relationship between the IMP (in this case the bacterial phototrapping pigment, bacteriorhodopsin) and the membrane formed by the phospholipid bilayer is illustrated below. In this case the integral membrane protein spans the phospholipid bilayer seven times. The part of the protein that is embedded in the hydrophobic regions of the bilayer are alpha helical and composed of predominantly hydrophobic amino acids. The C terminal end of the protein is in the cytosol while the N terminal region is in the outside of the cell. A membrane that contains this particular protein is able to function in photosynthesis.[8]

Examples

Examples of integral membrane proteins:

See also

References

  1. ^ "intrinsic protein | biology". Britannica. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  2. ISBN 978-0-12-370458-0
    . Retrieved 24 November 2010.
  3. PMID 9568909
    .
  4. ^ Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2008). Principles of Biochemistry (5th ed., p. 377). New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company.
  5. PMID 30174558
    .
  6. PMID 21685390
    .
  7. PMID 19022853
    .
  8. ^ "Integral membrane proteins". academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  9. PMID 3333014
    .
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integral_membrane_protein&oldid=1199051448"