Italian cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi (1899)
Giuseppe Garibaldi underway
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History | |
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Regia MarinaItaly | |
Name | Giuseppe Garibaldi |
Namesake | General Giuseppe Garibaldi |
Builder | Gio. Ansaldo & C., Genoa-Sestri Ponente |
Laid down | 8 June 1898 |
Launched | 29 June 1899 |
Completed | 1 January 1901 |
Fate | Sunk by U-4, 18 July 1915 |
General characteristics | |
Class and type | Giuseppe Garibaldi-class armored cruiser |
Displacement | 7,350 metric tons (7,234 long tons) |
Length | 111.8 m (366 ft 10 in) |
Beam | 18.2 m (59 ft 9 in) |
Draft | 7.3 m (23 ft 11 in) |
Installed power |
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Propulsion |
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Speed | 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) |
Range | 5,500 nmi (10,200 km; 6,300 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
Complement |
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Armament |
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Armor |
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Giuseppe Garibaldi was the seventh ship of the
The ship spent several months deployed to Albania after the end of the
Design and description
Giuseppe Garibaldi had an
Her main armament consisted of one
The ship's waterline armour belt had a maximum thickness of 150 millimeters (5.9 in) amidships and tapered to 80 millimeters (3.1 in) towards the ends of the ship. The conning tower, casemates, and gun turrets were also protected by 150-millimeter armor. Her protective deck armour was 37 millimeters (1.5 in) thick and the 152-millimeter guns on the upper deck were protected by gun shields 50 millimeters (2.0 in) thick.[1]
Construction and service
Giuseppe Garibaldi, named after General
When the Italo-Turkish War began on 29 September 1911, she was
Giuseppe Garibaldi and Francesco Ferruccio bombarded Beirut on 24 February 1912, setting the elderly Ottoman ironclad Avnillâh on fire. Giuseppe Garibaldi later entered the harbor and torpedoed the ironclad, sinking it and killing two officers and 40 enlisted men. Her entry forced the torpedo boat Ankara to scuttle itself. Varese is sometimes credited with participating also in the bombardment.[Note 1] The bombardment killed over 140 civilians and wounded more than 200. On 18 April, Giuseppe Garibaldi and Varese bombarded the fortifications at the Dardanelles, heavily damaging them.[14] After returning to Italy later that month, the ship began a refit that lasted through mid-June that included replacing her worn-out guns.[15]
After the end of the First Balkan War in May 1913, Giuseppe Garibaldi was deployed to the Albanian port of Scutari to ensure that it was returned by Montenegro to the Ottoman Empire and to protect Italian interests in the city. She returned home in August before deploying to Benghazi in February–March 1914.[6]
When Italy declared war on the Central Powers in May 1915, she was the flagship of the 5th Cruiser Division, commanded by Rear Admiral Eugenio Trifari, and based at Brindisi. On 5 June the division bombarded rail lines near Ragusa, modern Dubrovnik, and departed Brindisi on the evening of 17 July to do the same near Ragusa Vecchia the following morning. Shortly after beginning the bombardment at 04:00, Giuseppe Garibaldi was struck by one torpedo, on the starboard side near the aft boiler rooms, fired by the Austro-Hungarian submarine U-4. She sank within minutes on an even keel, although only 53 crewmen were killed. The remaining 525 were rescued by three destroyers left behind to rescue survivors as the division immediately retreated to avoid further attacks.[16]
The wreck of the Giuseppe Garibaldi is upside-down and located at coordinates 42°28.362′N 18°16.758′E / 42.472700°N 18.279300°E south-east of Dubrovnik, Croatia, at the depth of 122 meters (400 ft). The wreck was initially located by a Czech expedition in 2008 although the death of one diver on 9 September forestalled any investigation of the wreck. The group also lacked any permits to dive on Giuseppe Garibaldi as it is a protected war grave which caused them to be expelled from the country. A follow-up Croatian expedition explored and filmed the wreck in August 2009 using CCR (Closed Circuit Rebreather) technology. Official expeditions were made in November 2009 and May 2010 to the wreck by an international team of underwater archaeologists.[17]
Notes
- ^ Sources are contradictory about which ships performed the bombardment. Gardiner & Gray credit Garibaldi and Varese in the histories of the two Ottoman ships,[10] but also says that all three sisters were present.[11] Silverstone also credits all three ships,[12] but the consensus is that it was Garibaldi and Ferruccio.[13]
Footnotes
- ^ a b c Freivogel, p. 43
- ^ a b Steam Trials–Italy, p. 136
- ^ Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 351
- ^ Silverstone, p. 299
- ^ a b Fraccaroli, p. 31
- ^ a b c d Marchese
- ^ Professional Notes–Italy
- ^ Curtis, pp. 98–99
- ^ Beehler, pp. 9, 19–21, 50
- ^ Gardiner & Gray, pp. 389, 392
- ^ Gardiner & Gray, p. 256
- ^ Silverstone, pp. 298–99, 307
- ^ Beehler, pp. 56–58; Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 16; Sondhaus 2001, p. 218; Stephenson, p. 254
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 16
- ^ Beehler, p. 79
- ^ Freivogel, pp. 40, 46–48
- ^ Freivogel, pp. 48–49
Bibliography
- Beehler, William Henry (1913). The History of the Italian-Turkish War: September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute.
- Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
- Curtis, W. D. (1907). The Log of H.M.S. Cumberland, 2nd Cruiser Squadron, 1904–1906. The Log Series. Westminster, UK: The Westminster Press (Gerrards Ltd.).
- Fraccaroli, Aldo (1970). Italian Warships of World War I. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-7110-0105-3.
- Freivogel, Zvonimir (2012). Jordan, John (ed.). The Loss of the Giuseppe Garibaldi. Warship 2012. London: Conway. pp. 40–51. ISBN 978-1-84486-156-9.
- Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
- Langensiepen, Bernd; Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-610-1.
- Marchese, Giuseppe (June 1995). "La Posta Militare della Marina Italiana 6^ puntata". La Posta Militare (70).
- "Professional Notes–Italy". Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute. XXXI, 4 (116). Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute: 1004–05. December 1905.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
- Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). Naval Warfare, 1815–1914. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21478-0.
- Stephenson, Charles (2014). A Box of Sand: The Italo-Ottoman War 1911–1912: The First Land, Sea and Air War. Ticehurst, UK: Tattered Flag Press. ISBN 978-0-9576892-7-5.
- United States Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy (July 1901). "Steam Trials–Italy". Notes on Naval Progress (XX). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
External links
- Kalajdzic, Ahmet (28 August 2009), http://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/Mozaik/tabid/80/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/67832/Default.aspx
- Kalajdžić, Ahmet (1 December 2009). "Dubrovnik: na dubini 122 metra otkrivene tajne Giuseppea Garibaldija". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Retrieved 2009-12-01.
- Giuseppe Garibaldi (1899) Marina Militare website