Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik
Ragusa | |
---|---|
Grad Dubrovnik City of Dubrovnik | |
Nicknames: "Pearl of the Adriatic", "Thesaurum mundi"[citation needed] | |
Coordinates: 42°38′25″N 18°06′30″E / 42.64028°N 18.10833°E | |
Country | Croatia |
County | Dubrovnik-Neretva |
Government | |
• Type | Mayor-Council |
• Mayor | Mato Franković (HDZ) |
• City Council | 25 members |
Area UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | HR-20 000 |
Area code | +385 20 |
Vehicle registration | DU |
Patron saint | Saint Blaise |
Website | dubrovnik |
Official name | Old City of Dubrovnik |
Criteria | Cultural: (i)(iii)(iv) |
Reference | 95 |
Inscription | 1979 (3rd Session) |
Area | 96.7 ha (239 acres) |
Dubrovnik (
The history of the city probably dates back to the 7th century, when the town known as Ragusa was founded by refugees from Epidaurum (Ragusa Vecchia). It was under the protection of the Byzantine Empire and later under the sovereignty of the Republic of Venice. Between the 14th and 19th centuries, Dubrovnik ruled itself as a free state. The prosperity of the city was historically based on maritime trade; as the capital of the maritime Republic of Ragusa, it achieved a high level of development, particularly during the 15th and 16th centuries, as it became notable for its wealth and skilled diplomacy. At the same time, Dubrovnik became a cradle of Croatian literature. In his letter to Nikola Nalješković (1564), poet Ivan Vidalić named it "crown of Croatian cities".[7]
The entire city was almost destroyed in a devastating earthquake in 1667. During the Napoleonic Wars, Dubrovnik was occupied by the French Empire forces, and then the Republic of Ragusa was abolished and incorporated into the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy and later into the Illyrian Provinces. In the early 19th to early 20th century, Dubrovnik was part of the Kingdom of Dalmatia within the Austrian Empire. Dubrovnik became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia immediately upon its creation, and it was incorporated into its Zeta Banovina in 1929, before becoming part of the Banovina of Croatia upon its creation in 1939. During World War II, it was part of the Axis puppet state Independent State of Croatia, before being reincorporated into SR Croatia in SFR Yugoslavia.
In 1991, during the
Names
The names Dubrovnik and Ragusa co-existed for several centuries. Ragusa, recorded in various forms since at least the 10th century (in Latin, Dalmatian, Italian; in Venetian: Raguxa), remained the official name of the Republic of Ragusa until 1808, and of the city within the Kingdom of Dalmatia until 1918, while Dubrovnik, first recorded in the late 12th century, was in widespread use by the late 16th or early 17th century.[9]
The name Dubrovnik of the Adriatic city is first recorded in the
The historical name Ragusa is recorded in the Greek form Ῥαούσιν (Rhaousin, Latinized Ragusium) in the 10th century. It was recorded in various forms in the medieval period, Rausia, Lavusa, Labusa, Raugia, Rachusa. Various attempts have been made to etymologize the name. Suggestions include derivation from Greek
The classical explanation of the name is due to
History
Origins
Dubrovnik was inhabited by the
Excavations in 2007 revealed a Byzantine basilica from the 8th century and parts of the city walls. The size of the old basilica clearly indicates that there was quite a large settlement at the time. There is also evidence for the presence of a settlement in the pre-Christian era, most notably the finding of ancient coins from the 3rd and 2nd century BC, as well as archeological fragments from the 1st century BC in the area of the old City port.[18][19][20]
Antun Ničetić, in his 1996 book Povijest dubrovačke luke ("History of the Port of Dubrovnik"), expounds the theory that Dubrovnik was established by Greek sailors,[citation needed] as a station halfway between the two Greek settlements of Budva and Korčula, 95 nautical miles (176 km; 109 mi) apart from each of them.
Republic of Ragusa
After the fall of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, the town came under the protection of the Byzantine Empire. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Dubrovnik grew into an oligarchic republic, and benefited greatly by becoming a commercial outpost for the rising and prosperous Serbian state, especially after the signing of a treaty with Stefan the First-Crowned.[21] After the Crusades, Dubrovnik came under the sovereignty of Venice (1205–1358), which would give its institutions to the Dalmatian city. In 1240, Ragusa purchased the island of Lastovo from Stefan Uroš I, king of Serbia, who had rights over the island as ruler of parts of Hum.[22] After a fire destroyed most of the city in the night of August 16, 1296, a new urban plan was developed.[23][24][25] By the Peace Treaty of Zadar in 1358, Dubrovnik achieved relative independence as a vassal-state of the Kingdom of Hungary. Ragusa experienced further expansion when, in 1333, Serbian emperor Stefan Dušan, sold Pelješac and Ston in exchange for cash and an annual tribute[26] at the moment when her connection with the rest of Europe, especially Italy, brought her into the full current of the Western Renaissance.[27]
Between the 14th century and 1808, Dubrovnik ruled itself as a
For centuries, Dubrovnik was an ally of
The Republic of Ragusa received its own Statutes as early as 1272, which, among other things, codified Roman practice and local customs. The Statutes included prescriptions for town planning and the regulation of quarantine (for sanitary reasons).[29]
The Republic was an early adopter of what are now regarded as modern laws and institutions: a medical service was introduced in 1301, with the first
The city was ruled by the local
Latin was originally used in official documents of the Republic. Italian came to use in the early 15th century. A variant of the Dalmatian language was among the spoken ones, and was influenced by Croatian and Italian. The presence of Croatian in everyday speech increased in the late 13th century, and in literary works in the mid-15th century.[30] In the coming decades, Dubrovnik became a cradle of Croatian literature.[31]
The economic wealth of the Republic was partially the result of the land it developed, but especially of seafaring trade. With the help of skilled diplomacy, Dubrovnik merchants travelled lands freely and the city had a huge fleet of
Many
Dubrovnik was a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire at one time. From this, they gained benefits such as access to the
The Republic gradually declined due to a combination of a Mediterranean shipping crisis and the catastrophic earthquake of 1667[33] that killed over 5,000 citizens, levelled most of the public buildings and, consequently, negatively affected the well-being of the Republic. In 1699, the Republic was forced to sell two mainland patches of its territory to the Ottomans in order to avoid being caught in the clash with advancing Venetian forces. Today this strip of land belongs to Bosnia and Herzegovina and is that country's only direct access to the Adriatic. A highlight of Dubrovnik's diplomacy was the involvement in the American Revolution.[34]
Early modern period
On 27 May 1806, the forces of the
After seven years of French occupation, encouraged by the desertion of French soldiers after the failed
After this, the Flag of Saint Blaise was flown alongside the Austrian and British colors, but only for two days because, on 30 January, General Milutinović ordered Mayor Sabo Giorgi to lower it. Overwhelmed by a feeling of deep patriotic pride, Giorgi, the last Rector of the Republic, refused to do so "for the masses had hoisted it". Subsequent events proved that Austria took every possible opportunity to invade the entire coast of the eastern Adriatic, from Venice to Kotor. The Austrians did everything in their power to eliminate the Ragusa issue at the Congress of Vienna. Ragusan representative Miho Bona, elected at the last meeting of the Major Council, was denied participation in the Congress, while Milutinović, prior to the final agreement of the allies, assumed complete control of the city.[42]: 141–142
Regardless of the fact that the government of the Ragusan Republic never signed any capitulation nor relinquished its sovereignty, which according to the rules of Klemens von Metternich that Austria adopted for the Vienna Congress should have meant that the Republic would be restored, the Austrian Empire managed to convince the other allies to allow it to keep the territory of the Republic.[43] While many smaller and less significant cities and former countries were permitted an audience, that right was refused to the representative of the Ragusan Republic.[44] All of this was in blatant contradiction to the solemn treaties that the Austrian Emperors signed with the Republic: the first on 20 August 1684, in which Leopold I promises and guarantees inviolate liberty ("inviolatam libertatem") to the Republic, and the second in 1772, in which the Empress Maria Theresa promises protection and respect of the inviolability of the freedom and territory of the Republic.[45]
Languages
The official language until 1472 was Latin. As a consequence of the increasing migration of Slavic population from inland Dalmatia, the language spoken by much of the population was Croatian, typically referred to in Dubrovnik's historical documents simply as "Slavic". To oppose the demographic change due to increased Slavic immigration from the Balkans, the native Romance population of Ragusa, which made up the oligarchic government of the Republic, tried to prohibit the use of any Slavic languages in official councils.[46] Archeologists have also discovered medieval Glagolitic tablets near Dubrovnik, such as the inscription of Župa Dubrovačka, indicating that the Glagolitic script was also likely once used in the city.
The
On 14 July 1284 in Ragusa, the
Austrian rule
When the Habsburg Empire annexed these provinces after the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the new authorities implemented a bureaucratic administration, established the Kingdom of Dalmatia, which had its own Sabor (Diet) or Parliament which is the oldest Croatian political institution based in the city of Zadar, and political parties such as the Autonomist Party and the People's Party. They introduced a series of modifications intended to slowly centralise the bureaucratic, tax, religious, educational, and trade structure. These steps largely failed, despite the intention of wanting to stimulate the economy. Once the personal, political and economic damage of the Napoleonic Wars had been overcome, new movements began to form in the region, calling for a political reorganisation of the Adriatic along national lines.[citation needed]
The combination of these two forces—a flawed Habsburg administrative system and new national movement claiming ethnicity as the founding block toward a community—posed a particularly perplexing problem: Dalmatia was a province ruled by the German-speaking Habsburg monarchy, with bilingual (Croatian- and Italian-speaking) elites that dominated the general population consisting of a Slavic Catholic majority, as well as a Slavic Orthodox minority. Further complicating matters was the reality that increased emphases on ethnic identification in the nineteenth century did not break down along religious lines, as evident in the Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik.
In 1815, the former Dubrovnik government (its noble assembly) met for the last time in Ljetnikovac in Mokošica. Once again, extreme measures were taken to re-establish the Republic, but it was all in vain. After the fall of the Republic most of the aristocracy was recognised by the Austrian Empire.
In 1832, Baron Šišmundo Getaldić-Gundulić (Sigismondo Ghetaldi-Gondola) (1795–1860) was elected Mayor of Dubrovnik, serving for 13 years; the Austrian government granted him the title of "Baron".
In 1889, the Serb-Catholic circle supported Baron Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola, the candidate of the Autonomous Party, vs the candidate of Popular Party Vlaho de Giulli, in the 1890 election to the Dalmatian Diet.[51] The following year, during the local government election, the Autonomous Party won the municipal re-election with Francesco Gondola, who died in power in 1899. The alliance won the election again on 27 May 1894. Frano Getaldić-Gundulić founded the Società Philately on 4 December 1890.
In 1905, the Committee for establishing electric
Pero Čingrija (1837–1921), one of the leaders of the People's Party in Dalmatia,[53] played the main role in the merger of the People's Party and the Party of Right into a single Croatian Party in 1905.
Yugoslav period (1918–1991)
With
During the
Under communism Dubrovnik became part of SR Croatia within SFR Yugoslavia. After the World War II, the city started to attract crowds of tourists–even more after 1979, when the city joined the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The growth of tourism also led to the decision to demilitarise the Dubrovnik Old Town. The income from tourism was pivotal in the post-war development of the city, including its airport.[57] The Dubrovnik Summer Festival was founded in 1950.[58] The Adriatic Highway (Magistrala) was opened in 1965 after a decade of works, connecting Dubrovnik with Rijeka along the whole coastline, and giving a boost to the tourist development of the Croatian Riviera.[59]
Siege of Dubrovnik and its consequences
In 1991, Croatia and Slovenia, which at that time were republics within SFR Yugoslavia, declared their independence. At that event, Socialist Republic of Croatia was renamed to Republic of Croatia.
Despite the
On 1 October 1991, Dubrovnik was attacked by the JNA resulting in
Following the end of the war, damage caused by the shelling of the Old Town was repaired. Adhering to UNESCO guidelines, repairs were performed in the original style. Most of the reconstruction work was done between 1995 and 1999.[64] The inflicted damage can be seen on a chart near the city gate, showing all artillery hits during the siege, and is clearly visible from high points around the city in the form of the more brightly coloured new roofs.
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) issued indictments for JNA generals and officers involved in the bombing. General Pavle Strugar, who coordinated the attack on the city, was sentenced to a seven-and-a-half-year prison term by the tribunal for his role in the attack.[65]
Post-war Dubrovnik in Republic of Croatia
The 1996 Croatia USAF CT-43 crash, near Dubrovnik Airport, killed everyone on a United States Air Force jet, including United States Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown, The New York Times Frankfurt Bureau chief Nathaniel C. Nash, and 33 other people.[66]
In October 2023, Dubrovnik joined European Network of Saint James Way Paths, with a 147-kilometer pilgrimage route "Camino Dubrovnik-
Geography
Dubrovnik is located in the southern tip of the Dalmatia region of Croatia in the Adriatic Sea. It is part of the Dubrovnik-Neretva County and borders the municipality of Dubrovačko Primorje to the north, more specifically the Majkovi village.
Islands
There are several islands (part of the Elaphiti Islands archipelago) off the coast of Dubrovnik, including from north to south:
Another island disputedly part of the Elaphiti Islands is:
The islands in bold are larger and populated, and most of these are uninhabited.
Climate
Dubrovnik has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa). Dubrovnik has hot, muggy, relatively dry summers and mild to cool wet winters. The bora wind blows cold gusts down the Adriatic coast between October and April, and thundery conditions are common year round, even in summer, when they interrupt the warm, sunny days. The air temperatures can slightly vary, depending on the area or region. Typically, in July and August daytime maximum temperatures reach 28 °C (82 °F), and at night drop to approximately 23 °C (73 °F). In spring and autumn, maximum temperatures are typically between 20 °C (68 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F). Dubrovnik has the mildest winters of any Croatian city, with daytime temperatures around 13 °C (55 °F) in the coldest months. Snow in Dubrovnik is very rare.
Climate data for Dubrovnik (1971–2000, extremes 1961–2019) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.8 (80.2) |
30.3 (86.5) |
32.9 (91.2) |
37.5 (99.5) |
37.9 (100.2) |
38.6 (101.5) |
34.2 (93.6) |
30.5 (86.9) |
25.4 (77.7) |
20.4 (68.7) |
38.6 (101.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.3 (54.1) |
12.6 (54.7) |
14.4 (57.9) |
16.9 (62.4) |
21.5 (70.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.5 (83.3) |
25.1 (77.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
13.4 (56.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
9.4 (48.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.8 (56.8) |
18.3 (64.9) |
22.0 (71.6) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.3 (50.5) |
16.3 (61.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.0 (51.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.4 (70.5) |
21.6 (70.9) |
18.4 (65.1) |
14.9 (58.8) |
10.7 (51.3) |
7.8 (46.0) |
13.5 (56.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
1.6 (34.9) |
5.2 (41.4) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.1 (57.4) |
14.1 (57.4) |
8.5 (47.3) |
4.5 (40.1) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 98.3 (3.87) |
97.9 (3.85) |
93.1 (3.67) |
91.4 (3.60) |
70.1 (2.76) |
44.0 (1.73) |
28.3 (1.11) |
72.5 (2.85) |
86.1 (3.39) |
120.1 (4.73) |
142.3 (5.60) |
119.8 (4.72) |
1,064 (41.89) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 12.0 | 9.4 | 6.4 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 7.2 | 10.8 | 12.4 | 12.0 | 113.6 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
59.9 | 58.4 | 61.2 | 64.2 | 66.7 | 63.8 | 58.2 | 59.2 | 61.9 | 62.2 | 62.4 | 60.3 | 61.5 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 130.2 | 142.8 | 179.8 | 207.0 | 266.6 | 312.0 | 347.2 | 325.5 | 309.0 | 189.1 | 135.0 | 124.0 | 2,668.2 |
Source: Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service[68][69] |
Climate data for Dubrovnik | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average sea temperature °C (°F) | 14.1 (57.4) |
14.2 (57.6) |
14.4 (57.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.4 (77.7) |
24.3 (75.7) |
20.7 (69.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
15.7 (60.3) |
19.2 (66.5) |
Mean daily daylight hours | 9.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 12.2 |
Average Ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4.8 |
Source: Weather Atlas[70] |
Heritage
Old City of Dubrovnik | |
---|---|
Native name Croatian: Stari grad Dubrovnik | |
Location | Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Croatia |
Europe and North America | |
Extension | 1994 |
Endangered | 1991–1998 |
Official name | Stari grad Dubrovnik |
The annual Dubrovnik Summer Festival is a 45-day-long cultural event with live plays, concerts and games. It has been awarded a Gold International Trophy for Quality (2007) by the Editorial Office in collaboration with the Trade Leaders Club.
The patron saint of the city is Sveti Vlaho (Saint Blaise), whose statues are seen around the city. He has an importance similar to that of St. Mark the Evangelist to Venice. One of the larger churches in the city is named after Saint Blaise. February 3 is the feast of Sveti Vlaho. Every year the city of Dubrovnik celebrates the holiday with Mass, parades, and festivities that last for several days.[71]
The Old Town of Dubrovnik is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 50 kuna banknote, issued in 1993 and 2002.[72]
The city boasts many old buildings, such as the Arboretum Trsteno, the oldest arboretum in the world, which dates back to before 1492. Also, the third-oldest European pharmacy and the oldest still in operation, having been founded in 1317, is in Dubrovnik, at the Little Brothers monastery.[73]
In history, many Conversos (Marranos) were attracted to Dubrovnik, formerly a considerable seaport. In May 1544, a ship landed there filled exclusively with Portuguese refugees, as Balthasar de Faria reported to King John. Another admirer of Dubrovnik, George Bernard Shaw, visited the city in 1929 and said: "If you want to see heaven on earth, come to Dubrovnik."[74]
In the bay of Dubrovnik is the 72-hectare (180-acre) wooded island of Lokrum, where according to legend, Richard the Lionheart, King of England, was cast ashore after being shipwrecked in 1192. The island includes a fortress, botanical garden, monastery and naturist beach.
Among the many tourist destinations are a few beaches. Banje, Dubrovnik's main public
By 2018, the city had to take steps to reduce the excessive number of tourists, especially in the Old Town. One method to moderate the overcrowding was to stagger the arrival/departure times of cruise ships to spread the number of visitors more evenly during the week.[76] In 2023, Dubrovnik's mayor closed the terrace of a bar in Stradun for the nuisance it created for the neighborhood and announced a ban on wheeled luggage in the old town to limit noise on paved streets of the Old Town.[77]
Important monuments
Few of Dubrovnik's Renaissance buildings survived the earthquake of 1667 but enough remained to give an idea of the city's architectural heritage.
Dubrovnik's most beloved church is
The Neapolitan architect and engineer Onofrio della Cava completed the aqueduct with two public fountains, both built in 1438. Close to the Pile Gate stands the Big Onofrio's Fountain in the middle of a small square. It may have been inspired by the former Romanesque baptistry of the former cathedral in Bunić Square. The sculptural elements were lost in the earthquake of 1667. Water jets gush out of the mouth of the sixteen mascarons. The Little Onofrio's Fountain stands at the eastern side of the Placa, supplying water to the market place in the Luža Square. The sculptures were made by the Milanese artist Pietro di Martino (who also sculpted the ornaments in the Rector's Palace and made a statue – now lost – for the Franciscan church).
The 31-metre-high (102 ft) Dubrovnik Bell Tower, built in 1444, is one of the symbols of the free city state of Ragusa. It was built by the local architects Grubačević, Utišenović and Radončić. It was rebuilt in 1929 as it had lost its stability through an earthquake and was in danger of falling. The brass face of the clock shows the phases of the moon. Two human figures strike the bell every hour. The tower stands next to the House of the Main Guard, also built in Gothic style. It was the residence of the admiral, commander-in-chief of the army. The Baroque portal was built between 1706 and 1708 by the Venetian architect Marino Gropelli (who also built St Blaise's church).
In 1418, the Republic of Ragusa, as Dubrovnik was then named, erected a statue of Roland (Ital. Orlando) as a symbol of loyalty to Sigismund of Luxembourg (1368–1437), King of Hungary and Croatia (as of 1387), Prince-Elector of Brandenburg (between 1378 and 1388 and again between 1411 and 1415), German King (as of 1411), King of Bohemia (as of 1419) and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (as of 1433), who helped by a successful war alliance against Venice to retain Ragusa's independence. It stands in the middle of Luža Square. Roland statues were typical symbols of city autonomy or independence, often erected under Sigismund in his Electorate of Brandenburg. In 1419 the sculptor Bonino of Milano, with the help of local craftsmen, replaced the first Roland with the present Gothic statue. Its forearm was for a long time the unit of measure in Dubrovnik: one ell of Dubrovnik is equal to 51.2 cm (20.2 in).
-
Saint Blaise's Church
-
Saint Ignatius Church, part of former Jesuit Collegium Ragusinum
-
Cathedral of the Assumption
-
The Franciscan Monastery
-
Stradun, Dubrovnik's main street
-
The Clock tower
Walls of Dubrovnik
A feature of Dubrovnik is its walls (1.3 million visitors in 2018), which run almost 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) around the city. The walls are 4 to 6 metres (13–20 feet) thick on the landward side but are much thinner on the seaward side. The system of turrets and towers was intended to protect the vulnerable city. The walls of Dubrovnik have also been a popular filming location for the fictional city of King's Landing in the HBO television series, Game of Thrones.[89]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1880 | 15,666 | — |
1890 | 15,329 | −2.2% |
1900 | 17,384 | +13.4% |
1910 | 18,396 | +5.8% |
1921 | 16,719 | −9.1% |
1931 | 20,420 | +22.1% |
1948 | 21,778 | +6.7% |
1953 | 24,296 | +11.6% |
1961 | 27,793 | +14.4% |
1971 | 35,628 | +28.2% |
1981 | 46,025 | +29.2% |
1991 | 51,597 | +12.1% |
2001 | 43,770 | −15.2% |
2011 | 42,615 | −2.6% |
Source: Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857–2001, DZS, Zagreb, 2005 |
The total population of the city is 42,615 (census 2011), in the following
- Bosanka, population 139
- Brsečine, population 96
- Čajkovica, population 160
- Čajkovići, population 26
- Donje Obuljeno, population 210
- Dubravica, population 37
- Dubrovnik, population 28,434
- Gornje Obuljeno, population 124
- Gromača, population 146
- Kliševo, population 54
- Knežica, population 133
- Koločep, population 163
- Komolac, population 320
- Lopud, population 249
- Lozica, population 146
- Ljubač, population 69
- Mokošica, population 1,924
- Mravinjac, population 88
- Mrčevo, population 90
- Nova Mokošica, population 6,016
- Orašac, population 631
- Osojnik, population 301
- Petrovo Selo, population 23
- Pobrežje, population 118
- Prijevor, population 453
- Rožat, population 340
- Suđurađ, population 207
- Sustjepan, population 323
- Šipanska Luka, population 211
- Šumet, population 176
- Trsteno, population 222
- Zaton, population 985
The population was 42,615 in 2011,[90] down from 49,728 in 1991[91]
In the 2011 census, 90.34% of the population identified as Croat, 3.52% as Bosniak, 2.73% as Serb and 0.51% as Albanian.[92]
population | 14445 | 13398 | 15666 | 15329 | 17384 | 18396 | 16719 | 20420 | 21778 | 24296 | 27793 | 35628 | 46025 | 51597 | 43770 | 42615 | 41562 |
1857 | 1869 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 | 1910 | 1921 | 1931 | 1948 | 1953 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2021 |
Transport
Dubrovnik has its own
The A1 highway, in use between Zagreb and Ploče, is planned to be extended all the way to Dubrovnik. Because the area around the city is disconnected from the rest of Croatian territory, the highway will either cross the Pelješac Bridge whose construction was completed in 2022,[citation needed][97] or run through Neum in Bosnia and Herzegovina and continue to Dubrovnik.
Education
Dubrovnik has a number of higher educational institutions. These include the
Sports
The city will host the 2025 World Men's Handball Championship at the new arena, along with the countries Denmark and Norway.
Local football club
Local waterpolo club VK Jug is among the most successful in Croatian history, with many of its players being members of the Croatia national water polo team.
Panorama
Notable people
- Franco Sacchetti (Ragusa, 1332 – San Miniato, 1400), poet and novelist
- Benedetto Cotrugli (Ragusa, 1416 – L'Aquila, 1469), humanist and economist.
- Bonino de Boninis (Lastovo, Ragusa, 1454 – Treviso, 1528), typographist and bookseller.
- Latin language
- Marin Držić (Ragusa, 1508 – Venice, 1567), playwright, poet and dramaturge
- Marino Ghetaldi (Ragusa, 1568 – 1626), mathematician
- Aaron ben David Cohen (Ragusa, ca. 1580), rabbi
- Giorgio Raguseo (Ragusa, 1580 – 1622), philosopher, theologian, and orator
- Rajmund Zamanja (Ragusa, 1587 – 1647), theologist, philosopher and linguist.
- Ivan Gundulić (Ragusa, 1589 – 1638), writer and poet
- Anselmo Banduri (Ragusa, 1671 – Paris, 1743), numismatist and antiquarian
- Ruđer Josip Bošković(Dubrovnik, 1711 – Milan, 1787) physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, theologian
- Mato Vodopić (Dubrovnik, 1816), bishop of Dubrovnik
- Matija Ban (Dubrovnik, 1818), poet, dramatist, and playwright
- Medo Pucić (Dubrovnik, 1821), writer and politician
- Konstantin Vojnović (Dubrovnik, 1832), politician, university professor and rector in the Kingdom of Dalmatia and Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia of the Habsburg monarchy
- City of Ragusatwice across the Atlantic in 1870 and 1871
- Ivo Vojnović (Dubrovnik, 1857), writer
- Milan Rešetar (Dubrovnik, 1860), philologist
- Tereza Kesovija (Dubrovnik, 1938), pop-classical-chanson singer
- Dubravka Tomšič Srebotnjak (Dubrovnik, 1940), pianist
- Milo Hrnić (Dubrovnik, 1950 - 2023), pop singer
- Andro Knego (Dubrovnik, 1956), basketball player, Olympic and World champion
- Banu Alkan (Dubrovnik, 1958), female actor
- Dragan Andrić (Dubrovnik, 1962), water polo player, two-time Olympic champion
- Mario Kopić (Dubrovnik, 1965), philosopher
- Nikola Prkačin (Dubrovnik, 1975), basketball player
- Vlado Georgiev (Dubrovnik, 1976), pop singer, composer, and songwriter
- Frano Vićan (Dubrovnik, 1976), water polo player, Olympic, World and European champion
- Emir Spahić (Dubrovnik, 1980), football player
- Miho Bošković (Dubrovnik, 1983), water polo player, Olympic, World and European champion
- Nikša Dobud (Dubrovnik, 1985), water polo player, Olympic and World champion
- Lukša Andrić (Dubrovnik, 1985), basketball player
- Hrvoje Perić (Dubrovnik, 1985), basketball player
- Andro Bušlje (Dubrovnik, 1986), water polo player, Olympic, World and European champion
- Paulo Obradović (Dubrovnik, 1986), water polo player, Olympic and World champion
- Maro Joković (Dubrovnik, 1987), water polo player, Olympic, World and European champion
- Ante Tomić (Dubrovnik, 1987), basketball player
- Andrija Prlainović (Dubrovnik, 1987), water polo player, Olympic, World and European champion
- Sandro Sukno (Dubrovnik, 1990), water polo player, Olympic and World champion
- Elvis Sarić (Dubrovnik, 1990), football player
- Mario Hezonja (Dubrovnik, 1995), basketball player
- Alen Halilović (Dubrovnik, 1996), football player
- Ana Konjuh (Dubrovnik, 1997), tennis player
Twin towns - sister cities
Dubrovnik is
In popular culture
Roger Corman's 1964 war thriller The Secret Invasion is set in Dubrovnik and was filmed on location there.[99] Although the story is fiction the fighting between Italian and German troops depicted at the end is based on fact.[54]
The
Parts of Star Wars: The Last Jedi were filmed in Dubrovnik in March 2016, in which Dubrovnik was used as the setting for the casino city of Canto Bight.[101][102]
Dubrovnik was one of the European sites used in the Bollywood movie Fan (2016), starring Shah Rukh Khan.
In early 2017, Robin Hood was filmed on locations in Dubrovnik.[103]
In Kander and Ebb's song "Ring Them Bells", the protagonist, Shirley Devore, goes to Dubrovnik to look for a husband and meets her neighbor from New York.[104]
The text-based video game Quarantine Circular[105] is set aboard a ship off the coast of Dubrovnik, and a few references to the city are made throughout the course of the game.
The
Acknowledgements
Dubrovnik was included in the Travel + Leisure 25 Most Beautiful Cities in the World list, ranked 18th.[107]
Honorary citizens
Named by Dubrovnik City Council:[108]
- Kathy Wilkes (1991-1992);
- Ivan Supek (1997);
- John Paul II(2003);
- Christopher Patten(2004);
- Stjepan Mesić (2009);
- Ante Gotovina (2012).
- Francesco Cossiga (2023)[109]
See also
- Dalmatia
- Dubrovnik chess set
- List of people from Dubrovnik
- Republic of Ragusa
- Tourism in Croatia
- Walls of Dubrovnik
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Further reading
- "Ragusa", Bradshaw's Hand-Book to the Turkish Empire, vol. 1: Turkey in Europe, London: W.J. Adams, c. 1872
- David Kay (1880), "Principal Towns: Ragusa", Austria-Hungary, Foreign Countries and British Colonies, London:
- R. Lambert Playfair (1892). "Ragusa". Handbook to the Mediterranean (3rd ed.). London: J. Murray.
- "Ragusa". Austria-Hungary, Including Dalmatia and Bosnia. Leipzig: Karl Baedeker. 1905. OCLC 344268.
- F. K. Hutchinson (1909). "Ragusa". Motoring in the Balkans. Chicago: McClurg & Co. OL 13515412M.
- Trudy Ring, ed. (1996). "Dubrovnik". Southern Europe. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 3. Fitzroy Dearborn. OCLC 31045650.
External links
- Official website
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Old City of Dubrovnik
- Encyclopædia Britannica.com: Dubrovnik
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 816–817. .
- Youtube.com: Dubrovnik — digital video reconstruction — by GRAIL at Washington University.
- The dictionary definition of dubrovnik at Wiktionary
- Dubrovnik travel guide from Wikivoyage