Japanese cruiser Kasuga
Sasebo after the Battle of Tsushima , May 1905
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History | |
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Name | Kasuga |
Namesake | Kasuga Shrine |
Ordered | 23 December 1901 |
Builder | Gio. Ansaldo & C., Genoa-Sestri Ponente |
Laid down | 10 March 1902 |
Launched | 22 October 1902 |
Acquired | 30 December 1903 |
Commissioned | 7 January 1904 |
Fate |
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General characteristics | |
Class and type | Giuseppe Garibaldi-class armored cruiser |
Displacement | 7,700 t (7,578 long tons) |
Length | 111.73 m (366 ft 7 in) (o/a) |
Beam | 18.71 m (61 ft 5 in) |
Draft | 7.31 m (24 ft 0 in) |
Depth | 12.1 m (39 ft 8 in) |
Installed power |
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Propulsion | 2 Shafts; 2 triple-expansion steam engines |
Speed | 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
Range | 5,500 nmi (10,200 km; 6,300 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
Complement | 560 |
Armament |
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Armor |
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Kasuga (春日, Vernal Sun) was the
During the
Background
Kasuga was the next-to-last of the 10 Giuseppe Garibaldi-class armored cruisers to be built. The first ship had been completed in 1895 and the class had enjoyed considerable export success and had been gradually improved over the years.[1] The last two ships of the class were ordered on 23 December 1901 by the Royal Italian Navy and sold the next year to the Argentine Navy in response to the order placed with a British shipbuilder by Chile for two second-class battleships. The possibility of war between Argentina and Chile, however, abated before the vessel was completed, and a combination of financial problems and British pressure forced Argentina to dispose of Bernardino Rivadavia and her sister ship Mariano Moreno. The Argentine government attempted to sell the ships to Russia, but negotiations failed over the price demanded by the Argentinians. The Japanese government quickly stepped in and purchased them due to increasing tensions with Russia despite the high price of ¥14,937,390 (£1,530,000) for the two sisters. Already planning to attack Russia, the government delayed their surprise attack on Port Arthur that began the Russo-Japanese War until the ships had left Singapore and could not be delayed or interned by any foreign power.[2]
Design and description
Kasuga had an
Her
In 1924 two of her 3 in guns were removed, as were all of her QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns, and a single
The ship's waterline armor belt had a maximum thickness of 150 millimeters (5.9 in) amidships and tapered to 70 millimeters (2.8 in) towards the ends of the ship. Between the main gun barbettes it covered the entire side of the ship up to the level of the upper deck. The ends of the central armored citadel were enclosed by transverse bulkheads 120 millimeters (4.7 in) thick. The forward barbette, the conning tower, and gun turrets were also protected by 150-millimeter armor while the aft barbette only had 100 millimeters (3.9 in) of armor. Her deck armor ranged from 20 to 40 millimeters (0.8 to 1.6 in) thick and the 6-inch guns on the upper deck were protected by gun shields.[8]
Construction and career
The ship's
Russo-Japanese War
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Japanese_cruiser_Kasuga_2.jpg/220px-Japanese_cruiser_Kasuga_2.jpg)
Kasuga and Nisshin reached
On 15 May, the battleships
Kasuga and Nisshin participated in the Battle of the Yellow Sea on 10 August, but only played a minor role as they were in the rear of the Japanese battleline. During the battle, the ship's executive officer was Kantarō Suzuki, later Prime Minister of Japan.[20] Kasuga was not significantly damaged, although she was hit three times with 11 crewmen wounded.[21] Kasuga fired 33 ten-inch shells along with an unknown number of eight-inch shells during the battle.[22] After the battle the sisters returned to Pigeon Bay where they engaged the Russian fortifications.[23]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/IJN_Kasuga_at_Kure.jpg/220px-IJN_Kasuga_at_Kure.jpg)
At the Battle of Tsushima on 26 May 1905, Kasuga was fifth in the line of battle. At about 14:10, Kasuga opened fire on the battleship Oslyabya, the lead ship in the second column of the Russian fleet. Due to the limited visibility and heavy smoke during the battle detailed knowledge is not available about her activities during the rest of the day's action.[24] The surviving Russian ships had been located near the Liancourt Rocks by the Japanese the following morning and Tōgō reached them about 10:00. Heavily outnumbering the Russians, he opted for a long-range engagement to minimize any losses and Kasuga opened fire at the obsolete battleship Imperator Nikolai I at a range of 9,100 meters (10,000 yd). The ship hit her target's funnel on her third salvo and the Russians surrendered shortly afterwards.[25]
During the course of the battle, Kasuga fired 50 ten-inch and 103 eight-inch shells; due to the poor visibility and sinking of many Russian ships, the only confirmed hits made by the ship were two against the battleship Oryol with ten-inch shells, one of which broke up on the armor of the aft twelve-inch (305 mm) turret. In return she was struck by one 12-inch, one 6-inch, and one unidentified shell, none of which significantly damaged her.[26]
Shortly after the Battle of Tsushima, Kasuga was assigned to the
World War I
Kasuga served as the flagship of Destroyer Squadron (Suiraisentai) 3 from 13 December 1915 to 13 May 1916 and 12 September 1916 to 13 April 1917.
Interwar years and World War II
Kasuga arrived in
She was used to transport Japanese soldiers and supplies to Siberia in 1922 as part of Japan's
From 1927 to 1942, Kasuga was used as a training vessel for navigators and engineers.[7] On 27 July 1928 she rescued the crew of the semi-rigid airship N3 after it exploded in heavy weather during fleet maneuvers.[41] In January–February 1934, Kasuga ferried 40 scientists to Truk to observe a total solar eclipse on 14 February.[42] She was hulked and disarmed in July 1942 and used as a floating barracks for the rest of the Pacific War. Kasuga capsized at her mooring at Yokosuka on 18 July 1945 during an air raid by United States Navy aircraft from TF-38. Her wreck was salvaged in August 1948 and broken up for scrap by the Uraga Dock Company.[7][10]
Notes
- ^ Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 351; Milanovich, p. 92; Silverstone, p. 314
- ^ Milanovich, pp. 83–84
- ^ Milanovich, pp. 87, 90
- ^ Silverstone, p. 314
- ^ a b Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 226
- ^ Chesneau, p. 174
- ^ a b c d Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 75
- ^ Milanovich, pp. 87, 89
- ^ a b Milanovich, p. 84
- ^ a b Silverstone, p. 332
- ^ "The Arrival of the Nisshin and Kasuga". The Russo-Japanese War Fully Illustrated (1). Tokyo: Kinkodo Publishing Co. & Z. P. Maruya & Co.: 98–99 April–July 1904.
- ^ Warner & Warner, pp. 235–36
- ^ Forczyk, pp. 45–46
- ^ Great Britain, War Office: General Staff (1906). The Russo-Japanese War. Vol. Part I. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 51.
- ^ Evans & Peattie, p. 99
- ^ Warner & Warner, pp. 280–82
- ^ Forczyk, p. 48
- ^ Warner & Warner, pp. 305–06
- ^ McLaughlin, p. 62
- ^ Kowner, p. 363
- ^ Empire of Japan, Naval General Staff (September–October 1914). "Battle of the Yellow Sea: The Official Version of the Japanese General Staff". United States Naval Institute Proceedings. 40 (5). Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute: 1289.
- ^ Forcyzk, pp. 48–51, 73
- ^ Warner & Warner, p. 339
- ^ Campbell, pp. 127–31
- ^ Forczyk, pp. 70–71
- ^ Campbell, pp. 258, 260, 263
- ^ Corbett, II, p. 357
- ^ "Ship Returned by Japan". Derby Daily Telegraph. 4 September 1911. p. 2. Retrieved 9 March 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, pp. 75, 244
- ^ Lacroix & Wells, p. 552
- ^ Newbolt, pp. 214–17
- ^ Hirama, pp. 143–44
- ^ Newbolt, p. 225
- ^ "Japanese Cruiser Aground". The Scotsman. No. 23292. Edinburgh. 25 January 1918. p. 2. Retrieved 3 December 2022 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Cruiser Arrives" (PDF). The New York Times. 4 July 1920. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ "Kasuga Off for Annapolis" (PDF). The New York Times. 21 July 1920. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ "Visit of the Kasuga". Panama Canal Record. 1921. p. 16. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ Gardiner & Gray, p. 225
- ^ Stewart, p. 292
- ^ "Japanese Navymen". Aberdeen Journal. p. 7. Retrieved 9 March 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Destruction of a Dirigible". Hartlepool Mail. 24 October 1928. p. 3. Retrieved 9 March 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Scientists Invade Island". Dundee Courier. 27 January 1934. p. 4. Retrieved 9 March 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.
References
- Campbell, N.J.M. (1978). "The Battle of Tsu-Shima, Parts 1, 2 and 4". In Preston, Antony (ed.). Warship. Vol. II. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 46–49, 127–35, 258–65. ISBN 0-87021-976-6.
- Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
- Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
- ISBN 1-55750-129-7.
- Evans, David & ISBN 0-87021-192-7.
- Forczyk, Robert (2009). Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904–05. Botley, UK: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-330-8.
- Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
- Hirama, Yoichi (2004). "Japanese Naval Assistance and its Effect on Australian-Japanese Relations". In Phillips Payson O'Brien (ed.). The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902–1922. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 140–58. ISBN 0-415-32611-7.
- Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
- ISBN 978-0-81084-927-3.
- Lacroix, Eric & Wells, Linton (1997). Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-311-3.
- McLaughlin, Stephen (September 2008). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Retvizan". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper V): 60–63.(subscription required)(contact the editor at [email protected] for subscription information)
- Milanovich, Kathrin (2014). "Armored Cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2014. London: Conway. ISBN 978-1-84486-236-8.
- Newbolt, Henry (1996). Naval Operations. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents. Vol. IV (reprint of the 1928 ed.). Nashville, Tennessee: Battery Press. ISBN 0-89839-253-5.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
- Stewart, William (2009). Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present. McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-0-7864-3809-9.
- Warner, Denis & Warner, Peggy (2002). The Tide at Sunrise: A History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905 (2nd ed.). London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-5256-3.
External links
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