James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond
Chancellor of the University of Oxford | |
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In office 4 August 1669 – 1688 | |
Preceded by | Gilbert Sheldon |
Succeeded by | The 2nd Duke of Ormond |
Lord High Steward | |
In office 29 May 1660 – 13 February 1689 | |
Monarchs | Charles II, James II |
Preceded by | The 1st Duke of Richmond |
Succeeded by | The 1st Duke of Devonshire |
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland | |
In office 24 May 1677 – 24 February 1685 | |
Monarch | Charles II |
Preceded by | The 1st Earl of Essex |
Succeeded by | The 2nd Earl of Clarendon |
In office 21 February 1662 – 7 February 1668 | |
Monarch | Charles II |
Preceded by | The 1st Duke of Albemarle |
Succeeded by | The 6th Earl of Ossory |
In office 30 September 1648 – 22 June 1649 | |
Monarch | Charles I |
Preceded by | Viscount Lisle |
Succeeded by | Oliver Cromwell |
In office 13 November 1643 – 9 April 1646 | |
Monarch | Charles I |
Preceded by | 2nd Earl of Leicester |
Succeeded by | Viscount Lisle |
Personal details | |
Born | Second Bishops' War, 1st Siege of Drogheda, Battle of Kilrush, Battle of New Ross, Battle of Rathmines, 2nd Siege of Drogheda . | 19 October 1610
His friend, the Earl of Strafford, secured his appointment as commander of the government army in Ireland. Following the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, he led government forces against the Irish Catholic Confederation; when the First English Civil War began in August 1642, he supported the Royalists and in 1643 negotiated a ceasefire with the Confederation which allowed his troops to be transferred to England. Shortly before the Execution of Charles I in January 1649, he agreed the Second Ormonde Peace, an alliance between the Confederation and Royalist forces which fought against the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
During the 1650s he lived in exile on the continent with Charles II of England. After the Stuart Restoration in 1660, Ormond became a major figure in English and Irish politics, holding many high government offices such as Chancellor of the University of Oxford.
Birth and origins
James was born on 19 October 1610 at Clerkenwell, London,[1] the eldest son of Thomas Butler and his wife Elizabeth Pointz. His father, who was known by the courtesy title of Viscount Thurles, was the eldest son and heir apparent of Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond, called "Walter of the rosary beads". His father's family, the Butler dynasty, was Old English and descended from Theobald Walter, who had been appointed Chief Butler of Ireland by King Henry II in 1177.[2]
James's mother, Lady Thurles, was English and Catholic, a daughter of Sir John Pointz of Iron Acton, Gloucestershire, and his second wife Elizabeth Sydenham. James's birth house in Clerkenwell belonged to him, his maternal grandfather.
James was one of seven siblings, three brothers and four sisters, who are listed in his father's article. James was not only the eldest son but also the first-born as his eldest sister was born after him in 1612.
Early life
Shortly after his birth, his parents returned to Ireland where they were welcome to Black Tom, the 10th Earl of Ormond but not to Walter his heir apparent, who had opposed James's father's marriage into the English Poyntz family, who were Catholic but only gentry.
Black Tom died on 22 November 1614.
In 1619 his father perished on his way from Ireland to England in a shipwreck[4] near the Skerries off the coast of Anglesey. James inherited his father's courtesy title Viscount Thurles.[5] The year following that disaster, his mother brought young Thurles, as he now was, back to England, and placed him, then nine years old, at school with a Catholic gentleman at Finchley — this doubtless through the influence of his grandfather, the 11th Earl. His mother remarried to George Mathew of Thurles.[6]
On 26 May 1623,
When fifteen Thurles went to live with his paternal grandfather (then released from prison) at
Now having more means at his command, Thurles entered into all the gaieties of the court and town. At eighteen he went to Portsmouth with his friend George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham intending to join the expedition for the relief of La Rochelle; a project abandoned upon the Duke's assassination.[11]
It was during his London residence that he set himself to learn Irish, a partial knowledge of which proved most useful to him in after years.[12]
Marriage and children
About six months after his visit to Portsmouth, Thurles first saw at Court, and fell in love with, his cousin
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James and Elizabeth had eight sons, five of whom died in childhood, and two daughters. Five children survived into adulthood:[17]
- Thomas (1634–1680), predeceased his father, but had a son who would become the 2nd Duke[18]
- Richard (1639–1686), became first and last Earl of Arran of the 1662 creation and predeceased his father[19]
- John (1643–1677), became the Earl of Gowran[24]
- Mary (1646–1710), married William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire[25]
With Strafford
Thurles's career began in 1633 with the appointment as head of government in Ireland of Thomas Wentworth, the future Earl of Strafford, by whom Ormond was treated with great favour. Writing to Charles I, Wentworth described Ormond as "young, but take it from me, a very staid head".[26]
On 24 February 1633, Thurles, on the death of his grandfather, succeeded to the earldom as the 12th Earl of Ormond.
Rebellion and Civil War
Fighting the rebellion and the Confederates
On the outbreak of the
Early in 1642 the Irish Catholics formed their own government, the
In March 1643, Ormond ventured with his troops to
Ormond Cessation
Isolated in Dublin in what was now a three-sided contest, with the king desiring to reduce the
Soon afterwards, in November 1643, by the King's orders, Ormond dispatched a body of his troops into England to fight on the Royalist side in the Civil War, estimated at 4,000 troops, half of whom were sent from Cork.[citation needed] In November 1643 the king appointed Ormond as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.[37] He was sworn in on 21 January 1644.[38] The previous occupant of this post, Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester, had never set foot in Ireland. Ormond's assigned mission was to prevent the king's Parliamentarian enemies from being reinforced from Ireland, and to aim to deliver more troops to fight for the Royalists in England. To these ends, he was instructed to do all in his power to keep the Scottish Covenanter army in the north of Ireland occupied. He was also given the king's authority to negotiate a treaty with the Catholic Confederation that could allow their troops to be redirected against the Parliamentarians.[35] In August 1644, the cessation with the Confederates was extended for another year.[39]
Negotiations with the Irish Confederates
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2017) |
Ormond was faced with the difficult task of reconciling the various factions in Ireland. The Old (native) Irish and Catholic Irish of English descent ("
In 1644, he assisted
On 25 August 1645, Edward Somerset, Earl of Glamorgan, acting on behalf of King Charles, signed a treaty in Kilkenny with the Irish Catholic Confederates without first airing the terms of the treaty with the Irish Protestant community. Irish Protestant opposition turned out to be so intense, that Charles was forced to repudiate the treaty almost immediately out of fear of ceding almost all Irish Protestant support to the other side in the English civil war.
On 21 October 1645 Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, the papal nuncio landed in Ireland.[40] On 28 March 1646, Ormond, on behalf of the king, concluded the First Ormond Peace, another treaty with the Confederates that granted religious concessions and removed various grievances.[41][42] However, the Confederates' General Assembly in Kilkenny rejected the deal, partly due to the influence of the pope's ambassador (nuncio) Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, who worked to dissuade the Catholics from entering into a compromise. The Confederates called off their truce with Ormond, and arrested those among their number who had signed the treaty with Ormond.
Ormond then judged that he could not hold Dublin against the Confederates. He, therefore, applied to the English Long Parliament and signed a treaty with them on 19 June 1647 delivering Dublin into the hands of the Parliamentarians on terms that protected the interests of both royalist Protestants and Roman Catholics who had not actually entered into rebellion. At the beginning of August 1647, Ormond handed over Dublin, together with 3000 royalist troops under his command, to the Parliamentarian commander Michael Jones, who had recently arrived from England with 5000 Parliamentarian troops. Ormond in turn sailed for England on 28 July 1647,[43] remarking of his surrender that he "preferred English rebels to Irish ones".[citation needed] On 8 August 1647 the combined royalist and parliamentarian troops won the major Battle of Dungan's Hill against the Confederates.
First exile
Ormond attended King Charles during August and October 1647 at
Commander of Royalist Alliance
In September of the same year, the pope's nuncio having been expelled, and affairs otherwise looking favourable, he returned to Ireland arriving at Cork on 29 September 1648. His aim was to unite all parties for the king.[45]
The Irish Confederates were now much more amenable to compromise, as 1647 had seen a series of military disasters for them at the hands of English Parliamentarian forces. On 17 January 1649 Ormond concluded a peace with the rebels on the basis of the free exercise of their religion.[46]
On the execution of Charles I, he proclaimed his loyalty to Charles II, who made him a Knight of the Garter in September 1649. Ormond was placed in command of the Irish Confederates' armies and also English Royalist troops who were landed in Ireland from France.[47]
However, despite controlling almost all of Ireland before August 1649, Ormond was unable to prevent the conquest of Ireland by Cromwell in 1649–50. Ormond tried to retake Dublin by laying siege to the city in the summer of 1649, but was routed at the Battle of Rathmines in August. Subsequently, he tried to halt Cromwell by holding a line of fortified towns across the country. However, the New Model Army took them one after the other, beginning with the Siege of Drogheda in September 1649.
Ormond lost most of the English and Protestant Royalist troops under his command when they mutinied and went over to Cromwell in May 1650. This left him with only the Irish Catholic forces, who distrusted him greatly. Ormond was ousted from his command in late 1650.
Second exile
He left Ireland for France sailing from Galway on 7 December 1650,
A synod held at the Augustinian abbey in Jamestown, County Leitrim, repudiated Ormond and excommunicated his followers. In Cromwell's Act of Settlement of 1652, all of Ormond's lands in Ireland were confiscated and he was excepted from the pardon given to those Royalists who had surrendered by that date. His name heads the list of over 100 men who were excluded from pardon.[54]
Ormond, though desperately short of money, was in constant attendance on Charles II and the Queen Mother in Paris, and accompanied the King to
Restoration career
Lord Ormond (Restoration of Lands, etc., in Ireland) Act 1660 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 28 July 1660 |
Repealed | 16 June 1977 |
Other legislation | |
Repealed by | Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1977 |
Status: Repealed | |
Text of statute as originally enacted |
On the return of
On 4 November 1661, he once more received the lord lieutenancy of Ireland, and busily engaged in the work of settling that country. The main problem was the land question, and the Act of Explanation was passed through the Irish parliament by Ormond, on 23 December 1665.[59]
His heart was in his government, and he vehemently opposed the Importation Act 1667 prohibiting the importation of Irish cattle, which struck so fatal a blow at Irish trade; and retaliated by prohibiting the import into Ireland of Scottish commodities, and obtained leave to trade with foreign countries.[60] He encouraged Irish manufacture and learning, and it was due to his efforts that the Irish College of Physicians owes its incorporation.[56]
He had great influence over the appointment of judges: while he naturally wished to appoint to the Bench men of legal ability, a record of loyalty to the Crown was also generally required. It is interesting that he was prepared to appoint judges of Gaelic descent, like James Donnellan, and even some who were known to have Roman Catholic leanings. He was criticised for favouring old friends like John Bysse who were considered too infirm to be effective, but this also shows one of his main virtues, loyalty: as Elrington Ball remarks, those whom Ormond had ever loved, he loved to the end.[61] Himself a merciful man, he encouraged the Irish judges to show a similar spirit of clemency; as he remarked, a man who has been reprieved can later be hanged, but a man who has been hanged can never be reprieved. In general, the judges followed his example and, by the standards of the age, were merciful enough.[62]
Ormond's personality had always been a striking one, and he was highly regarded. He was dignified and proud of his loyalty, even when he lost royal favour, declaring, "However ill I may stand at court I am resolved to lye well in the chronicle".[56] Ormond soon became the mark for attack from all that was worst in the court. Buckingham especially did his utmost to undermine his influence. Ormond's almost irresponsible government of Ireland during troubled times was open to criticism.[56]
He had billeted soldiers on civilians, and had executed martial law. He was threatened by Buckingham with impeachment. In March 1669, Ormond was removed from the government of Ireland and from the committee for Irish affairs. He made no complaint, insisted that his sons and others over whom he had influence should retain their posts, and continued to fulfil the duties of his other offices, while his character and services were recognised in his election as Chancellor of the University of Oxford on 4 August 1669.[63]
In 1670, an extraordinary attempt was made to assassinate the duke by a ruffian and adventurer named
The outrage, it was suspected, had been instigated by Buckingham, who was openly accused of the crime by Lord Ossory, Ormond's son, in the king's presence, and threatened by him with instant death if any violence should happen to his father. These suspicions were encouraged by the improper action of the king in pardoning Blood, and in admitting him to his presence and treating him with favour after his apprehension while endeavouring to steal the crown jewels.[64]
In his estates in Carrick-on-Suir in County Tipperary, Ormond was responsible for establishing the woollen industry in the town in 1670.
In 1671 Ormond successfully opposed
In 1682 Charles summoned Ormond to court. The same year he wrote "A Letter, from a Person of Honour in the Country, in answer to the earl of Anglesey, his Observations upon the earl of Castlehaven's Memoires concerning the Rebellion of Ireland", and gave Charles general support. On 29 November 1682, an English dukedom was conferred upon him,
Ormond also served as the sixth Chancellor of the University of Dublin between 1645 and 1688, although he was in exile for the first fifteen years of his tenure.
Subsequently, Ormond lived in retirement at
Death, succession, and timeline
Ormond died on 21 July 1688 at Kingston Lacy estate, Dorset, "not having, as he rejoyced to know, outlived his intellectuals", i.e. not having become senile.[67] Ormond was buried in Westminster Abbey on 4 August 1688.[68] His eldest son, Thomas, 6th Earl of Ossory, predeceased him, but Ossory's eldest son James succeeded as 2nd Duke of Ormond (1665–1745).
The anonymous author of Ormond's biography in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) wrote that with him disappeared the greatest and grandest figure of the times, and that Ormond's splendid qualities were expressed with some felicity in verses written on welcoming his return to Ireland and printed in 1682:[64]
- A Man of Plato's grand nobility,
- An inbred greatness, innate honesty;
- A Man not form'd of accidents, and whom
- Misfortune might oppress, not overcome
- Who weighs himself not by opinion
- But conscience of a noble action.
Timeline | ||
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Age | Date | Event |
0 | 1610, 19 Oct | Born at Clerkenwell, London[1] |
9 | 1619, 15 Dec | Father drowned at sea. James became heir apparent as Viscount Thurles.[4] |
12 | 1623, 26 May | Made a ward of the Earl of Desmond, by order of the King[7] |
14 | 1625, 27 Mar | Accession of King Charles I, succeeding King James I[69] |
19 | 1629, 25 Dec | Married Elizabeth Preston[14] |
22 | 1633, 24 Feb | Succeeded his grandfather as the 12th Earl of Ormond]].[27] |
31 | 1642, 15 Apr | Defeated the Confederates under Mountgarrett at the skirmish of Kilrush.[32] |
31 | 1642, 30 Aug | Created Marquess of Ormond.[33] |
32 | 1643, 15 Sep | Signed the Cessation (truce) he had negotiated with the Confederates.[36] |
33 | 1643, Nov | Appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland[37]
|
35 | 1645, 21 Oct | Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, the papal nuncio, landed in Ireland.[40]
|
35 | 1646, 28 Mar | Signed 1st Ormond Peace with the confederates, but it was never ratified. |
36 | 1647, 28 Jul | Left for England.[43] |
37 | 1648, Feb | Escaped from London to France.[44] |
37 | 1648, 29 Sep | Returned to Ireland landing at Cork[45] |
38 | 1649, 17 Jan | Signed the 2nd Ormond Peace with the Confederates |
38 | 1649, 30 Jan | King Charles I beheaded.[70] |
38 | 1649, 23 Feb | The papal nuncio Giovanni Battista Rinuccini left Ireland.[71]
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38 | 1649, Aug | Lost the Battle of Rathmines against the Parliamentarians under Michael Jones |
38 | 1649, Sep | Made a Knight of the Garter
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40 | 1650, 11 Dec | Left Ireland, sailing on the frigate Elizabeth from |
49 | 1660, 29 May | Restoration of King Charles II[72] |
50 | 1661, 30 Mar | Created Duke of Ormond in the Irish Peerage[58] |
51 | 1661, 4 Nov | Appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland |
69 | 1680, 30 Jul | Son Thomas, Earl of Ossory, died. |
74 | 1685, 6 Feb | Accession of King James II, succeeding King Charles II[73] |
77 | 1688, 21 Jul | Died at Kingston Lacy estate, Dorset, England |
Immediate Ancestry
Ancestors of James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes and references
Notes
- Oxford Dictionary of National Biography spells his title Ormond, the older Dictionary of National Biography spells it Ormonde.(Barnard 2004)(Airy 1886)
- ^ This family tree is partly derived from the condensed Butler family tree pictured in Dunboyne.[16] Also see the lists of siblings and children in the text.
Citations
- ^ a b Cokayne 1895, p. 149, line 20. "b. [born] 19 Oct. 1610 at Clerkenwell, Midx;."
- ^ Debrett 1828b, p. 640. "Theobald le Boteler on whom that office [Chief Butler of Ireland] was conferred by King Henry II., 1177 ..."
- ^ Cokayne 1895, p. 148, line 30. "He [Thomas] d. s.p.m. at Carrick, 22 Nov. 1614, aged 82 ..."
- ^ a b Cokayne 1895, p. 149, line 14. "He d. v.p. [predeceased his father], being drowned off the Skerries, 15 December 1619."
- ^ Carte 1851, p. 7. "... upon whose decease he was by courtesy styled viscount Thurles."
- ^ Cokayne 1895, p. 149, line 15. "His widow m. [married] George Mathew, of Thurles, and d. [died] at Thurles May 1672 in her 86th year."
- ^ a b Lodge 1789, p. 43, line 28. "He was granted in Ward 26 May 1623 to Richard, Earl of Desmond, and by order of K. James I educated under the eye of Doctor George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury ..."
- ^ Carte 1851, p. 9, line 25. "... and forty pounds a year was all that the young lord had for his own and his servants' clothing and expenses."
- ^ Carte 1851, p. 8. "... our young lord Thurles who continued there several years, had so little care taken of him, that he was not instructed even in humanity, nor so much as taught to understand Latin."
- ^ Carte 1851, p. 11, line 16. "... lived with his grandfather, who through length of his confinement and his advanced age, was grown very infirm, and never troubled him in matters of religion."
- ^ Carte 1851, p. 11, line 33. "... till he was eighteen years of age, when the duke of Buckingham going upon expedition for the relief of Rochelle ..."
- ^ Carte 1851, p. 12. "... by conversing with such gentlemen of Ireland as spoke the language of the original inhabitants of that kingdom, he learned chiefly what he knew of it;"
- ^ Carte 1851, p. 13. "... he first saw at court his kinswoman the lady Elizabeth Preston; she was sole daughter and heir of Richard Preston earl of Desmond ..."
- ^ a b Airy 1886, p. 53, line 2. "... the marriage took place on Christmas of the same year [1629] ..."
- ^ Carte 1851, pp. 16–17. "... and accordingly gave consent to lord Thurles marriage with his cousin the lady Elizabeth Preston."
- ^ Dunboyne 1968, pp. 16–17. "Butler Family Tree condensed"
- ^ Perceval-Maxwell 2004, p. 130, right column, line 33. "... between 1632 and 1646 Elizabeth ... gave birth to eight sons including Richard Butler, five of whom died as children, and two daughters."
- ^ Cokayne 1895, p. 150. "Thomas Butler, styled Earl of Ossory ('the gallant Ossory') 2d but 1st surv. s. [surviving son] and h. app. [heir apparent], b. [born] at Kilkenny 5 July 1634 ..."
- ^ Burke & Burke1915, p. 1550, right column, line 22. "3. Richard, b. [born] 15 Jun 1639, who was cr. [created], 13 May 1662 Baron Butler, Viscount of Tullogh and Earl of Arran ..."
- ^ Burke & Burke 1915, p. 1550,, right column, line 35. "Elizabeth, m. [married] Philip, 2nd earl of Chesterfield."
- ^ Debrett 1828a, p. 114, bottom. "Philip, 2nd earl m. [married] 1st Anne, da. [daughter] of Algernon Percy, earl of Northumberland; 2ndly Elizabeth, da. of James Butler, duke of Ormond; and 3rd ..."
- ^ Hamilton 1888, p. 181. "Hamilton, therefore was no further embarrassed than to preserve Lady Chesterfield's reputation, who, in his opinion, declared herself rather too openly in his favour ..."
- ^ Pepys 1893, p. 360. "He tells me also how the Duke of York is smitten in love with my Lady Chesterfield (a virtuous Lady, daughter of my Lord Ormond); and so much, that the duchess of York hath complained to the king and her father about it, and my Lady Chesterfield is gone into the country for it."
- ^ Burke & Burke 1915, p. 1550, right column, line 32. "4. John, created Earl of Gowran in 1676, m. [married] Lady Anne Chichester, dau. [daughter] of Arthur, 1st Earl of Donegal, but d.s.p. [died without issue] 1677, when the dignity expired."
- ^ Burke & Burke 1915, p. 1550, right column, line 36. "2. Mary m. [married] 1st Duke of Devonshire, K.G."
- ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 296, second para, lines three and four. " Writing to the king, Strafford described him as “young, but take it from me, a very staid head”
- ^ a b Burke & Burke 1915, p. 1550, left column, bottom. "The Earl [Walter, 11th] d. [died] 24 Feb 1632 and was s. [succeeded] by his grandson, James, 1st Duke of Ormonde ..."
- ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 296, second para, line four. "... Ormonde was throughout his Irish government his chief friend and support."
- ^ Wedgwood1961, p. 159. "In January 1635 Ormonde was sworn of the Council."
- ^ Airy 1886, p. 53, right column, line 5. "... he was made lieutenant-general of the horse, and commander-in-chief of all forces in the kingdom during Strafford's absence."
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 577, left column, line 3. "He [Strafford] suffered death with characteristic firmness on Tower Hill, 12 May 1641."
- ^ a b Warner 1768, p. 186. "In this action, which is called the battle of Killrush, the English had not above twenty killed, and forty wounded: but above 700 rebels were slain ..."
- ^ a b Cokayne 1895, p. 149, line 27. "He [James Butler] was cr. [created] 30 Aug. 1642 Marquess of Ormonde [I. [Ireland]];"
- ^ Airy 1886, p. 54.
- ^ a b c Airy 1886, p. 55.
- ^ a b Airy 1886, p. 54, right column. "... and the cessation was signed on the 15 September [1643]."
- ^ a b Cokayne 1895, p. 149, line 29. "Viceroy of Ireland, as Lord Lieutenant 1643–47 ..."
- ^ Barnard 2004, p. [ 156, left column]. "... was sworn [as Lord Lieutenant] on 21 January 1644."
- ^ Cusack 1871, p. 314. "In August 1644 the Cessation was again renewed by the General Assembly until December, and subsequently for a longer period."
- ^ a b Coffey 1914, p. 152, line 16. "... [Rinuccini] landed at Kenmare October, 21st [1645]."
- ^ Kearney 1965, p. 558, left column, line 28. "The first Ormonde peace was signed in 1646 ..."
- ^ Airy 1886, p. 55, right column. "Ormonde succeeded in bringing it to a conclusion on 28 March 1646 ..."
- ^ a b Airy 1886, p. 56, left column. "On the 28th [July 1647] Ormonde delivered up the regalia and sailed for England, landing at Bristol on 2 Aug."
- ^ a b Airy 1886, p. 56, left column, line 37. "Warned in February 1647-8 that the parliament intended to seize his person, he escaped to France ..."
- ^ a b Airy 1886, p. 56, left column, line 50. "... and in August, he himself began his journey thither. On leaving Havre, he was shipwrecked and had to wait in that port for some weeks; but at the end of September he again embarked, arriving at Cork on the 29th."
- ^ Kearney 1965, p. 558, left column, line 37. "... the signing of the second Ormonde peace in 1649."
- ^ a b Airy 1886, p. 57.
- ^ a b O'Sullivan 1983, p. 284, line 15. "... boarding a small frigate, the Elizabeth of Jersey, at Galway on the 7th December, 1650 ..."
- ^ Bagwell 1909, p. 243, line 30. "He sailed on December 11th in a very fast vessel of twenty-four tons and four guns which the Duke of York had provided in Jersey."
- ^ Hardiman 1820, p. 126, line 30. "... sailed from Glaneinagh, in the bay, on board the Elizabeth, of Jersey, a small frigate of twenty-four guns ..."
- ^ Hardiman 1820, p. 126, line 32. "... after a hard passage of three weeks landed at Perose in Basse Bretagne."
- ^ Hardiman 1820, p. 126, line 27. "The marquis of Ormond, having determined upon leaving the kingdom arrived here in the beginning of December, accompanied by Lord Inchinquin, colonels Vaughan, Wogan, Warren and about 20 other persons of distinction ..."
- ^ O'Sullivan 1983, p. 284, line 16. "... accompanied by Inchiquin, Bellings, Daniel O'Neill, and many officers, he quitted Ireland for France ..."
- ^ Firth & Rait 1911, p. 599. "That James Butler, Earl of Ormond ... be excepted from pardon for Life and Estate."
- ^ Aubrey 1990, p. 108.
- ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911, p. 296.
- ^ Kenyon 1970, p. 101, line 8.
- ^ a b Cokayne 1895, p. 149, line 38. "... and was cr. [created] 30 March 1661 Duke of Ormonde [I. [Ireland]]"
- ^ Lodge 1910, p. 55, line 18. "... the protestant occupiers found it politic to moderate their demand. They offered to surrender a third of their lands on condition that they were granted adequate security in the remainder. On this basis, the terms of the explanatory act were at last drafted and Ormonde carried them back for the approval of the Irish parliament in 1665."
- ^ Lodge 1910, p. 58, line 11. "... the protectionists proposed that the importation of all cattle ... from Ireland ... be prohibited as a nuisance. the bill was strenuously opposed by Ormonde ..."
- ^ Ball 1926, p. 276, line 15. "Those whom Ormond loved once, he loved to the end ..."
- ^ Ball 1926, p. 282, line 14. "He was ever ready to grant a reprieve, saying that a reprieved man might be hanged, but a hanged man could not be reprieved, ..."
- ^ Airy 1886, p. 59, left column, line 3. "He was chosen chancellor of Oxford on 4 Aug. [1669] ..."
- ^ a b c d e f g Chisholm 1911, p. 297.
- ^ Kenyon 1972, p. 203.
- ^ "Whitehal, Nov. 29". The London Gazette. No. 1777. 27–30 November 1682.
His Majesty has been graciously pleased to Create his Grace the Duke of Ormond in the kingdom of Ireland, a duke in his kingdom by the name and title of James Duke of Ormond.
- ^ Airy 1886, p. 60, right column, line 22. "... he died quietly of decay, not having, as he rejoyced to know, 'outlived his intellectuals.'"
- ^ Chester 1876, p. 221. "1688 Aug. 4 James Duke of Ormond: [in the Abbey]."
- ^ Fryde et al. 1986, p. 44, line 16. "Charles I. ... acc. 27 Mar. 1625 ..."
- ^ Fryde et al. 1986, p. 44, line 17. "Charles I. ... exec. 30 Jan. 1649 ..."
- ^ O'Sullivan 1983, p. 278. "... the San Pietro, the vessel which had brought him to Ireland and on which he now proposed to depart ... on the morning of the 23rd February 1649, Rinuccini quitted 'the place of his refuge' and went on board."
- ^ Fryde et al. 1986, p. 44, line 39. "Charles II. ... acc. 29 May 1660 ..."
- ^ Fryde et al. 1986, p. 44, line 46. "James II. ... acc. 6 Feb. 1685 ..."
Sources
- OCLC 8544105.
- Aubrey, Philip (1990). Mr Secretary Thurloe. London: Athlone Press. ISBN 0-485-11347-3. – (Snippet view)
- OCLC 458582656. – 1642 to 1660
- OCLC 832154869. – 1221 to 1690
- ISBN 0-19-861359-8.
- OCLC 11501348. (for Wentworth)
- OCLC 1155471554.
- OCLC 1086656347. – 1613 to 1641
- Chester, Joseph Lemuel (1876). Registers of Westminster Abbey. London: Private Edition. OCLC 1140248. – Marriages, baptisms and burials from about 1660 to 1875
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 296–297.
- Coffey, Diarmid (1914). O'Neill and Ormond – A Chapter of Irish History. Dublin: Maunsel & Company. OCLC 906164979.
- OCLC 1180818801. – N to R (for Ormond)
- OCLC 873009963.
- OCLC 54499602. – England
- OCLC 54499602. – Scotland and Ireland
- Dunboyne, Patrick Theobald Tower Butler, Baron (1968). Butler Family History (2nd ed.). Kilkenny: Rothe House.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - OCLC 271021959.
- ISBN 0-86193-106-8. – (for timeline)
- OCLC 1048777116.
- Hardiman, James (1820). History of the town and county of the town of Galway. Dublin: W. Folds & Sons. OCLC 875131724.
- OCLC 1033591649.
- OCLC 1036869886.
- OCLC 1036783743.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - OCLC 264906028. – Viscounts (for Butler, Viscount Mountgarrett)
- OCLC 1012365625. – 1660 to 1702
- ISBN 978-0-906312-21-6.
- OCLC 503692830. – 1 April 1661 to 31 December 1662
- Perceval-Maxwell, Michael (2004). "Butler [née Preston] Elizabeth, duchess of Ormond and suo jure Lady Dingwall (1615–1684)". In ISBN 0-19-861359-8.
- Warner, Ferdinand (1768). History of the Rebellion and Civil-War in Ireland. Vol. I. Dublin: James William. OCLC 82770539. – 1641 to 1643
- Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica (1961). Thomas Wentworth, First Earl of Strafford 1593–1641. A Revaluation. London: OCLC 1068569885.
Further reading
- Lenihan, Pádraig (2001). Confederate Catholics at War , 1641-49 (illustrated ed.). Cork University Press. ISBN 978-1-85918-244-4. – No preview
- Williams, Mark R.F. (2014). The King's Irishmen: The Irish in the Exiled Court of Charles II, 1649-1660. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-925-5.