Kingdom of Ireland
Kingdom of Ireland Ríocht na hÉireann (Irish) | |||||||||
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Coat of arms[a]
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Status |
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Capital | Dublin 53°21′N 6°16′W / 53.350°N 6.267°W | ||||||||
Official languages | English[b] | ||||||||
Regional languages |
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Religion |
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Monarch | |||||||||
• 1542–1547 (first) | Henry VIII | ||||||||
• 1760–1800 (last) | George III | ||||||||
Lord Lieutenant | |||||||||
• 1542–1548 (first) | Anthony St Leger | ||||||||
• 1798–1800 (last) | Charles Cornwallis | ||||||||
Chief Secretary | |||||||||
• 1660 (first) | Matthew Locke | ||||||||
• 1798–1800 (last) | Robert Stewart | ||||||||
Legislature | Parliament | ||||||||
House of Lords | |||||||||
House of Commons | |||||||||
History | |||||||||
18 June 1542 | |||||||||
• Tudor conquest completed | 1603 | ||||||||
1641–1653 | |||||||||
1652–1660 | |||||||||
1782 | |||||||||
31 December 1800 | |||||||||
Currency | Irish pound | ||||||||
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Today part of |
History of Ireland |
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The Kingdom of Ireland (
The territory of the kingdom comprised that of the former
For most of the kingdom's history, the Irish Catholic majority suffered official discrimination:[5] under the penal laws, Catholicism was suppressed and Catholics were barred from government, parliament, the military, and most public offices. This was one of the main drivers behind the Irish Confederate Wars (1641–53), during which the Irish Catholic Confederates controlled most of Ireland. After the Cromwellian conquest, Ireland suffered harsh conditions under The Protectorate (1653–59). The brief reign of Catholic king James II (1685–89) led to the Williamite War (1689–91). The Williamite victory strengthened the Protestant Ascendancy, and the kingdom had only Protestant monarchs thereafter.
In the 1780s, the parliament gained some independence, and some anti-Catholic laws were lifted. This sparked sectarian conflict in County Armagh. Following the failed republican Irish Rebellion of 1798, the parliament of Ireland and parliament of Great Britain passed the Acts of Union 1800. This created, on 1 January 1801, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
History
Background
The
When Pope Clement VII excommunicated the king of England, Henry VIII, in 1533, the constitutional position of the lordship in Ireland became uncertain. Henry had broken away from the Holy See and declared himself the head of the Church in England. He had petitioned Rome to procure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Clement VII refused Henry's request and Henry subsequently refused to recognise the Roman Catholic Church's vestigial sovereignty over Ireland, and was excommunicated again in late 1538 by Pope Paul III. The Treason Act (Ireland) 1537 was passed to counteract this.
Tudor Ireland
Following the failed revolt of
In 1542, the Kingdom of Ireland was established by the Parliament of Ireland through the Crown of Ireland Act. This act declared
In line with its expanded role and self-image, the administration established the King's Inns for barristers in 1541, and the Ulster King of Arms to regulate heraldry in 1552. Proposals to establish a university in Dublin were delayed until 1592.
In 1593 war broke out, as
Stuart Ireland
In 1603 James VI
The political order of the kingdom was interrupted by the
Grattan's Patriots
Poynings' Law was repealed in 1782 in what came to be known as the
United Irishmen
The Irish Rebellion of 1798, and the rebels' alliance with Great Britain's longtime enemy the French, led to a push to bring Ireland formally into the British Union. By the Acts of Union 1800, voted for by both Irish and British Parliaments, the Kingdom of Ireland merged on 1 January 1801 with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Irish Parliament ceased to exist, though the executive, presided over by the Lord Lieutenant, remained in place until 1922.[11]
Viceroy
The Kingdom of Ireland was governed by a Lord Deputy or
Parliament
The kingdom's legislature was bicameral with a House of Lords and a House of Commons. By the terms of Poynings' Law (1494) and other acts, the parliament's powers were greatly circumscribed. The legislature was content to "rubber stamp" acts or "suggestions" from the English parliament.
Roman Catholics and dissenters, mostly
Church of Ireland
When Henry VIII was excommunicated by the
In 1558, a Protestant –
Ethnic conflict
The legacy of the Kingdom of Ireland remains a bone of contention in
The religion of the native majority and its clergy – the
On the other hand, the fact that the kingdom had been a unitary state gave Irish nationalists in 1912–22 a reason to expect that in the process of increasing self-government the island of Ireland would be treated as a single political unit.
Coat of arms
The arms of the Kingdom of Ireland were blazoned: Azure, a harp Or stringed Argent. These earliest arms of Ireland are described in an entry that reads: Le Roi d'Irlande, D'azur à la harpe d'or, in a 13th-century French roll of arms, the Armorial Wijnbergen, also known as the Wijnbergen Roll, said to be preserved in The Hague, in the Netherlands but currently untraced; a copy is held in the Royal Library of Belgium (Collection Goethals, ms. 2569). This may have been an aspirational depiction for a putative High-King, for it was not related to the Lordship of Ireland at that time by the English king, who only assumed the title "King of Ireland" later in the reign of Henry VIII[13]
A crown was not part of the arms but use of a crowned harp was apparently common as a badge or as a device. A crowned harp also appeared as a crest although the delineated crest was: a wreath Or and Azure, a tower (sometime triple-towered) Or, from the port, a hart springing Argent.
King James not only used the harp crowned as the device of Ireland, but quartered the harp in this royal achievement for the arms of that kingdom, in the third quarter of the royal achievement upon his Great Seal, as it has continued ever since. The blazon was azure, a harp or string argent, as appears by the great embroidered banner, and at the funeral of Queen Anne, King James' queen, AD 1618, and likewise by the great banner and banner of Ireland at the funeral of King James. The difference between the arms and device of Ireland appears to be on the crown only, which is added to the harp when used as a device. At the funeral of King James was likewise carried the standard of the crest of Ireland, a buck proper (argent in the draught) issuing from a tower triple towered or, which is the only instance of this crest that I have met, and therefore was probably devised and assigned for the crest of Ireland upon occasion of this funeral, but with what propriety I do not understand.
— Questions and Answers, Notes and Queries, 1855, p. 350
The insignia of Ireland have variously been given by early writers. In the reign of Edward IV, a commission appointed to enquire what were the arms of Ireland found them to be three crowns in pale. It has been supposed that these crowns were abandoned at the Reformation, from an idea that they might denote the feudal sovereignty of the pope, whose vassal the king of England was, as lord of Ireland. However, in a manuscript in the Heralds' College of the time of Henry VII, the arms of Ireland are blazoned azure, a harp or, stringed argent; and when they were for the first time placed on the royal shield on the accession of James I. they were thus delineated: the crest is on a wreath or and azure, a tower (sometime triple-towered) or, from the port, a hart springing argent. Another crest is a harp or. The national flag of Ireland exhibits the harp in a field vert. The royal badge of Ireland, as settled by sign-manual in 1801 is a harp, or, stringed argent, and a trefoil vert, both ensigned with the imperial crown.
— Chambers' Encyclopædia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge, 1868, p. 627
Notes
- ^ See coat of arms regarding use of a crowned harp as the arms of Ireland. Although numerous flags of Ireland existed during the period, the Kingdom of Ireland had no official flag or arms.[1] See List of flags of Ireland.
- ^ Early Modern English (until the 17th century), Modern English (from the 17th century)
- ^ Early Modern Irish (until the 18th century), Modern Irish (from the 18th century)
References
Citations
- ^ Perrin & Vaughan 1922, pp. 51–52.
- ISBN 9783030326418.
- ^ Ellis, Steven. The Making of the British Isles: The State of Britain and Ireland, 1450–1660. Routledge, 2014. p.105
- ^ MacInnes, Allan. Union and Empire: The Making of the United Kingdom in 1707. Cambridge University Press, 2007. p.109
- ^ "irish-society". irish-society. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- Disputed
- ^ MacCaffrey 1914.
- )
- ^ "Text of 1555 Bull". Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
- ^ Stewart 1989, p. 38.
- ^ de Beaumont 2006, pp. 114–115.
- ^ Mant 1840, p. 275.
- ^ O'Donnell 2019, p. 499, Appendices – Notes, The early arms and heraldry of Ireland.
Sources
- de Beaumont, Gustave (2006) [1839]. Ireland Social, Political, and Religious. Translated by William Cooke Taylor. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02165-5.
- MacCaffrey, James (1914), "Chapter VIII The Church in Ireland During the Reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI (1509-1553)", History of the Catholic Church, vol. II: From the Renaissance to the French Revolution, archived from the original on 7 June 2010, retrieved 5 May 2010
- Mant, Richard (1840). History of the Church of Ireland, from the Reformation to the Revolution. London: Parker. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- Morley, Vincent (2002). Irish opinion and the American Revolution, 1760–1783. Cambridge: University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-43456-0. Archivedfrom the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- O'Donnell, Francis Martin (2019). The O'Donnells of Tyrconnell – A Hidden Legacy. Washington DC: Academica Press LLC. ISBN 978-1-68053-474-0.
- Perrin, W. G.; Vaughan, Herbert S. (1922). British Flags. Their Early History and their Development at Sea; with an Account of the Origin of the Flag as a National Device. Cambridge: University Press.
- Stewart, A.T.Q. (1989). The Narrow Ground: The Roots of Conflict in Ulster (New ed.). London: Faber and Faber.
Further reading
- Blythe, Robert J (2006). The British Empire and its Contested Pasts. Irish Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-7165-3016-9.
- Bradshaw, Brendan (1993). Representing Ireland: Literature and the Origins of Conflict, 1534-1660. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-41634-4.
- Bradshaw, Brendan (2015). 'And so began the Irish Nation': Nationality, National Consciousness and Nationalism in Pre-modern Ireland. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4724-4256-7.
- Canny, Nicholas (2001). Making Ireland British, 1580-1650. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925905-2.
- Connolly, S. J. (2009). Contested Island: Ireland 1460-1630. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956371-5.
- Connolly, S. J. (2010). Divided Kingdom: Ireland 1630-1800. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958387-4.
- Crowley, Tony (2008). Wars of Words: The Politics of Language in Ireland 1537-2004. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953276-6.
- Ellis, Steven G. (1998). Ireland in the Age of the Tudors, 1447-1603: English Expansion and the End of Gaelic Rule. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-582-01901-0.
- Garnham, Neal (2012). The Militia in Eighteenth-Century Ireland: In Defence of the Protestant Interest. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-724-4.
- Harris, R G (2001). The Irish Regiments: 1683-1999. Da Capo Press Inc. ISBN 978-1-885119-62-9.
- Kane, Brendan (2010). The Politics and Culture of Honour in Britain and Ireland, 1541-1641. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89864-5.
- Keating, Geoffrey : The History of Ireland, from the Earliest Period to the English Invasion (Foras Feasa Ar Éirinn) Translated by John O'Mahony 1866 Full text at Internet Archive
- Lenihan, Padraig (2007). Consolidating Conquest: Ireland 1603-1727. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-582-77217-5.
- Lennon, Colm (2005). Sixteenth-Century Ireland: The Incomplete Conquest. Gill Books. ISBN 978-0-7171-3947-7.
- Mac Giolla Chríost, Diarmait (2005). The Irish Language in Ireland: From Goídel to Globalisation. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32046-7.
- McCabe, Richard Anthony (2002). Spenser's Monstrous Regiment: Elizabethan Ireland and the Poetics of Difference. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-818734-9.
- Nelson, Ivan F. (2007). The Irish Militia, 1793–1802, Ireland's Forgotten Army. Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-037-3.
- O'Callaghan, Sean (2001). To Hell or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland. Brandon. ISBN 978-0-86322-287-0.
- O'Neill, James (2017). The Nine Years War, 1593-1603: O'Neill, Mountjoy and the military revolution. Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-636-8.
- Pakenham, Thomas (2000). The Year Of Liberty: The Great Irish Rebellion of 1789: History of the Great Irish Rebellion of 1798. Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11252-7.
- Palmer, Patricia (2013). The Severed Head and the Grafted Tongue: Literature, Translation and Violence in Early Modern Ireland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-04184-4.
- Pawlisch, Hans S., : Sir John Davies and the Conquest of Ireland: A Study in Legal Imperialism :Cambridge University Press, 2002 : ISBN 978-0-521-52657-9
- Reid, Stuart (2011). Armies of the Irish Rebellion 1798. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-507-6.
- Snape, Michael (2013). The Redcoat and Religion: The Forgotten History of the British Soldier from the Age of Marlborough to the Eve of the First World War. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-00742-2.
External links
- The English in Ireland and the Practice of Massacre by John Minahane