La Rochelle

Coordinates: 46°10′N 1°09′W / 46.16°N 1.15°W / 46.16; -1.15
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see La Rochelle (disambiguation).

La Rochelle
La Rochèla (
Prefecture and commune
Coat of arms of La Rochelle
Coat of arms
Location of La Rochelle
Map
La Rochelle is located in France
La Rochelle
La Rochelle
La Rochelle is located in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
La Rochelle
La Rochelle
Coordinates: 46°10′N 1°09′W / 46.16°N 1.15°W / 46.16; -1.15
CountryFrance
RegionNouvelle-Aquitaine
DepartmentCharente-Maritime
ArrondissementLa Rochelle
IntercommunalityCA La Rochelle
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Jean-François Fountaine[1]
Area
1
28.43 km2 (10.98 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
78,535
 • Density2,800/km2 (7,200/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
17300 /17000
Elevation0–28 m (0–92 ft)
(avg. 4 m or 13 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

La Rochelle (

seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime department. With 78,535 inhabitants in 2021, La Rochelle is the most populated commune in the department and ranks fourth in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region after Bordeaux, the regional capital, Limoges and Poitiers
.

Situated on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean the city is connected to the Île de Ré by a 2.9-kilometre-long (1+3⁄4-mile) bridge completed on 19 May 1988. Since the Middle Ages the harbour has opened onto a protected strait, the Pertuis d'Antioche and is regarded as a "Door océane" or gateway to the ocean because of the presence of its three ports (fishing, trade and yachting). The city has a strong commercial tradition, having an active port from very early on in its history.

The city traces its origins to the Gallo-Roman period, attested by the remains of important salt marshes and villas. The Dukes of Aquitaine granted it a charter as a free port in 1130. With the opening of the English market following the second marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, the presence of the Knights Templar and the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem quickly made this small town the largest port on the Atlantic.[3]

To this day, the city still possesses a rich historical fabric, including the

university and a rapidly developing tourism industry. In the early 21st century, the city has consistently been ranked among France's most liveable cities.[4]

History

See also: Timeline of La Rochelle

Antiquity

Coastline around La Rochelle in Roman times

The Romans subsequently occupied the area, where they developed salt production along the coast. Roman villas have been found at Saint-Éloi and at Les Minimes. Salt evaporation ponds dating from the same period have also been found.

Foundation

The name was first recorded in 961 as Rupella, from a Latin diminutive meaning 'little rock'. It was later known as Rocella and Roscella before the name took on its current form. The establishment of La Rochelle as a harbour was a consequence of the victory of Duke

Châtelaillon.[5] In 1137, Guillaume X to all intents and purposes made La Rochelle a free port and gave it the right to identify as a commune
.

Fifty years later Eleanor of Aquitaine upheld the communal charter promulgated by her father. For the first time in France, a city mayor was appointed for La Rochelle, Guillaume de Montmirail. Guillaume was assisted in his responsibilities by 24 municipal magistrates, and 75 nobles who had jurisdiction over the inhabitants.

Plantagenet rule (1154–1224)

Vauclair castle
was built by the English in 1185.
Right image: Remnants of Vauclair castle, Place de Verdun, La Rochelle.

Eleanor married Henry Plantagenet in 1152, who became king of

Vauclair castle built, remains of which are still visible in the Place de Verdun.[6]

Left image: Cour de la Commanderie in La Rochelle, ancient location of the Templars' headquarters.
Right image: Original Templar cross, Cour de la Commanderie.

The main activities of the city were in the areas of maritime commerce and trade, especially with England, the Netherlands and Spain. In 1196, wealthy bourgeois Alexandre Auffredi sent a fleet of seven ships to Africa seeking wealth. He went bankrupt awaiting the return of his ships; they returned seven years later bearing riches.

Knights Templar

The Knights Templar had a strong presence in La Rochelle since before the time of Eleanor of Aquitaine, who exempted them from duties and gave them mills in her 1139 Charter.[7] La Rochelle was the Templars' largest base on the Atlantic Ocean,[8] and where they stationed their main fleet.[9] From La Rochelle, they were able to act as intermediaries in trade between England and the Mediterranean.[8] A popular thread of conspiracy theory originating with Holy Blood, Holy Grail has it that the Templars used a fleet of 18 ships which had brought Jacques de Molay from Cyprus to La Rochelle to escape arrest in France. The fleet allegedly left laden with knights and treasures just before the issue of the warrant for the arrest of the Order in October 1307.[10][11]

Hundred Years' War

During the

Du Guesclin, until Charles V
recognized the privileges of the city in November 1372.

In 1402, the French adventurer Jean de Béthencourt left La Rochelle and sailed along the coast of Morocco to conquer the Canary Islands.[13]

Until the 15th century, La Rochelle was to be the largest French harbour on the Atlantic coast, dealing mainly in wine, salt and cheese.

French Wars of Religion

Main article: French Wars of Religion
Reformation iconoclasm
, Clocher Saint-Barthélémy, La Rochelle.
Right image: Remains of iconoclasm, Eglise Saint-Sauveur, La Rochelle.

During the

Calvinism started to be propagated in the region of La Rochelle, resulting in its suppression through the establishment of Cours présidiaux tribunals by Henry II. An early result of this was the burning at the stake of two "heretics" in La Rochelle in 1552.[14] Conversions to Calvinism however continued, due to a change of religious beliefs, but also to a desire for political independence on the part of the local elite, and a popular opposition to royal expenses and requisitions in the building projects to fortify the coast against England.[14]

On the initiative of

Lutheran faith by Charles de Clermont the previous year. He has been described, by Lancelot Voisin de La Popelinière
, as "le père de l'église de La Rochelle" ("The Father of the Church of La Rochelle").

Protestant "Grand Temple" of La Rochelle, built on the Place du Château, modern Place de Verdun, in 1600–1603, accidentally burned down in 1687

La Rochelle was the first French city, with

Tower of the Lantern.[17]

From 1568, La Rochelle became a centre for the

Sea Beggars were able to raid Spanish shipping.[20][21]

In 1571 the city of La Rochelle suffered a naval blockade by the French Navy under the command of

Peace of La Rochelle, which restricted the Protestant worship to the three cities of Montauban, Nîmes
and La Rochelle. Pierre Richier died in La Rochelle in 1580.

Huguenot rebellions

Main article: Huguenot rebellions
La Rochelle in 1628 – detail of Claude Lorrain Le siège de La Rochelle

Under Henry IV, and under the regency of his son

Peace of Montpellier.[23]

Revolt of Soubise (1625)

Main article:
Capture of Ré island

In 1625, a new Huguenot revolt led by Duke

Montmorency, as was Soubise with 3,000 when he led a counter-attack against the royal troops who had landed on the island of Ré.[24]

Siege of La Rochelle (1627–1628)

Main article: Siege of La Rochelle
Henri Motte
, 1881

Following these events,

siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré. Meanwhile, cannon shots were exchanged on 10 September 1627 between La Rochelle and Royal troops. This resulted in the siege of La Rochelle in which Cardinal Richelieu
blockaded the city for 14 months, until the city surrendered and lost its mayor and its privileges.

Jan Luiken
(1649–1712)

The remaining Protestants of La Rochelle suffered new persecutions, when 300 families were again expelled in November 1661, the year

Louis XIV came to power. The reason for the expulsions was that Catholics deeply resented a degree of revival of Protestant ownership of property within the city.[25]

The growing persecution of the Huguenots culminated with the

Alexandre Dumas, père's classic novel, The Three Musketeers
.

La Rochelle and the New World

Further information:
France-Americas relations
La Rochelle slave ship Le Saphir ex-voto, 1741
Musée de la Marine

Because of its western location, which saved days of sailing time, La Rochelle enjoyed successful fishing in the western Atlantic and trading with the

Protestant ship-owning and merchant class prospered in the 16th century until the Wars of Religion devastated the city.[26] The British navy in wartime were alert that shore watchers at La Rochelle were employed.[27]

The period following the wars was a prosperous one, marked by intense exchanges with the New World (

Filles du Roi (Daughters of the King), set sail for Quebec during the period of 1663 to 1673.[citation needed
]

Fort Saint Louis in Texas.[29]

The city eventually lost its trade and prominence during the decades spanning the

sea power in the continuing conflicts with Britain, ultimately diminishing the role of such harbours as La Rochelle. After abolitionist movements led by such people as Samuel de Missy, the slave trade of La Rochelle ended with the onset of the French Revolution and the war with England in the 1790s, the last La Rochelle slave ship, the Saint-Jacques being captured in 1793 in the Gulf of Guinea.[30] In February 1794, the National Convention passed the Law of 4 February 1794, which effectively freed all colonial slaves.[citation needed
]

In 1809, the Battle of the Basque Roads took place near La Rochelle, in which a British fleet defeated the French Atlantic Fleet.[citation needed]

La Rochelle faience

Further information: French porcelain and Orientalism in early modern France

La Rochelle became one of the French centres for

Musée d'Orbigny-Bernon
.

  • La Rochelle faience, 18th century.
    La Rochelle faience, 18th century.
  • La Rochelle faience with Chinese decorations.
    La Rochelle faience with Chinese decorations.
  • La Rochelle faience pot, 18th century.
    La Rochelle faience pot, 18th century.

19th century

In 1864, the harbour of La Rochelle (area of the "Bassin à flot" behind the water locks), was the site for the maiden dive experiments of the first mechanically-powered submarine in the World, Plongeur, commanded by Marie-Joseph-Camille Doré, a native of La Rochelle.

Second World War

Further information: Allied siege of La Rochelle
U-boat pens
at the harbor of La Rochelle (2007)

During the Second World War, Germany established a submarine naval base at La Pallice (the main port of La Rochelle).

A German stronghold, La Rochelle was the last French city to be liberated at the end of the war. The Allied siege of La Rochelle took place between 12 September 1944 and 7 May 1945. The stronghold, including the islands of Ré and Oléron, was held by 20,000 German troops under German vice-admiral Ernst Schirlitz. Following negotiations by the French Navy frigate captain Meyer, the general German capitulation occurred on 7 May and French troops entered La Rochelle on 8 May.

The submarine base became the setting for parts of the movie

Das Boot (a sequel to the 1981 classic).[citation needed
]

Geography

Geology

La Rochelle seen from Spot Satellite
The limestone cliffs around La Rochelle reveal the Jurassic geology of the area

The bedrock of La Rochelle and surrounding areas is composed of layers of

Oxfordian stage) of the Jurassic period (circa 160 million years ago), when a large part of France was submerged. Many of these layers are visible in the white cliffs that border the sea, which contain many small marine fossils. Layers of thick white rock, formed during period of relatively warm seas, alternate with highly fragile layers containing sand and remains of mud, formed during colder periods, and with layers containing various corals, that were formed during warmer, tropical times.[35]
The limestone thus formed is traditionally used as the main building material throughout the region.

The area of La Pointe du Chay about five kilometres (three miles) from La Rochelle is a cliff area visited for leisurely geological surveys.[citation needed]

Climate

Under

insolation is remarkably high—the highest in Western France, including sea resorts much further to the south such as Biarritz
. La Rochelle seldom experiences very cold or very warm weather. These specific conditions – summer: dry and sunny, winter: mild and wet – have led to the establishment of a Mediterranean-type vegetation cohabiting with more continental and oceanic types of vegetation.

Climate data for La Rochelle, France (1981–2010 averages, extremes 1955–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.3
(61.3) 		21.2
(70.2) 		25.0
(77.0) 		29.1
(84.4) 		33.6
(92.5) 		40.5
(104.9) 		39.0
(102.2) 		38.2
(100.8) 		34.6
(94.3) 		30.1
(86.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		18.7
(65.7) 		40.5
(104.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.1
(48.4) 		10.2
(50.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		22.3
(72.1) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.5
(76.1) 		22.1
(71.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		9.7
(49.5) 		16.8
(62.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		9.6
(49.3) 		11.8
(53.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.5
(68.9) 		18.1
(64.6) 		14.7
(58.5) 		10.0
(50.0) 		7.1
(44.8) 		13.4
(56.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2) 		4.1
(39.4) 		6.3
(43.3) 		8.1
(46.6) 		11.7
(53.1) 		14.6
(58.3) 		16.7
(62.1) 		16.5
(61.7) 		14.0
(57.2) 		11.3
(52.3) 		7.1
(44.8) 		4.5
(40.1) 		9.9
(49.8)
Record low °C (°F) −11.5
(11.3) 		−13.6
(7.5) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		1.9
(35.4) 		4.9
(40.8) 		8.1
(46.6) 		8.8
(47.8) 		5.4
(41.7) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−13.6
(7.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 74.0
(2.91) 		56.8
(2.24) 		53.9
(2.12) 		64.9
(2.56) 		55.8
(2.20) 		39.1
(1.54) 		43.9
(1.73) 		45.0
(1.77) 		60.3
(2.37) 		91.9
(3.62) 		93.5
(3.68) 		87.9
(3.46) 		767.0
(30.20)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.9 9.1 9.7 10.3 9.3 6.7 6.6 6.3 7.4 11.9 12.4 12.5 114.1
Average snowy days 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.9 3.7
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		87 84 80 78 79 77 76 77 79 83 86 88 81.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 84.3 114.6 165.8 196.8 231.3 261.2 271.0 259.6 212.1 140.5 92.3 76.3 2,105.5
Source 1:
Meteo France[36][37][38]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days 1961–1990)[39]

Population

Its inhabitants are called "les Rochelaises" and "les Rochelais" in French.[40] The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of La Rochelle proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of La Rochelle absorbed part of the former commune of Saint-Maurice in 1858 and Laleu in 1880.[41]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 22,000—    
1800 17,512−3.21%
1806 18,346+0.78%
1821 12,327−2.62%
1831 14,629+1.73%
1836 14,857+0.31%
1841 16,720+2.39%
1846 17,358+0.75%
1851 16,505−1.00%
1856 16,175−0.40%
1861 18,904+3.17%
1866 18,720−0.20%
1872 19,506+0.69%
1876 19,583+0.10%
1881 22,464+2.78%
1886 23,829+1.19%
1891 26,808+2.38%
1896 28,376+1.14%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901 31,559+2.15%
1906 33,858+1.42%
1911 36,371+1.44%
1921 39,770+0.90%
1926 41,521+0.87%
1931 45,043+1.64%
1936 47,737+1.17%
1946 48,923+0.25%
1954 58,799+2.33%
1962 66,590+1.57%
1968 73,347+1.62%
1975 79,757+1.20%
1982 75,840−0.72%
1990 71,094−0.80%
1999 76,584+0.83%
2007 76,848+0.04%
2012 74,123−0.72%
2017 75,735+0.43%
Source: EHESS[41] and INSEE (1968-2017)[42]

Today

Panoramic picture of the harbour towers at night.

La Rochelle possesses a commercial deep water harbour, named

La Pallice. The large submarine pens built during World War II still stand there, although they are not in use. La Pallice is equipped with oil unloading equipment, and mainly handles tropical wood
. It is also the location of the fishing fleet, which was moved from the old harbour in the centre of the city during the 1980s.

La Rochelle harbour by Vernet in 1762 and the same view 2019

La Rochelle also maintains strong links with the sea by harbouring the largest marina for pleasure boats in Europe at Les Minimes, and a rather rich boat-building industry which includes Amel Yachts.[43]

La Rochelle has a very big aquarium, and a small botanical garden (the Jardin des plantes de La Rochelle).

The

Jacques-Yves Cousteau as a mobile laboratory for oceanography, and which was sunk after a collision in the port of Singapore
(1996) is now on display (rotting) at the Maritime Museum of La Rochelle.

One of the biggest music festivals in France, "FrancoFolies", takes place each summer in La Rochelle, where Francophone musicians come together for a week of concerts and celebration. 2004 marked the 20th anniversary of this event. The French Socialist Party has held its annual summer convention (Université d'été) in La Rochelle since 1983.

La Rochelle is the setting for the best-selling series of French language textbooks in the UK, titled Tricolore. The central character, Martine Dhome,[44] lives with her family at the fictional address of 12, rue de la République.

Tourism

Harbour towers at night

La Rochelle's main feature is the "Vieux Port" ("Old Harbour"), which is at the heart of the city, picturesque and lined with seafood restaurants. The city walls are open to an evening promenade. The old town has been well preserved. Three medieval towers are a prominent tourist attraction at the entrance to the harbor:

Pineau. The nearby Île de Ré is accessible via a bridge from La Rochelle.[45]

"Grosse Horloge" tower
Fort Boyard

Transport

La Rochelle and its region are served by the international

Gare de La Rochelle
offers connections to Bordeaux, Nantes, Poitiers, Paris and several regional destinations.

OFP La Rochelle is a freight railway serving the port.[46]

La Rochelle launched one of the first successful

bicycle sharing systems in 1974. [citation needed
]

Education

The city has more than 10,000 students each year. The

University of La Rochelle was established in 1993. Together with the Excelia Group
(La Rochelle Business School), they are the largest institutions of higher education of La Rochelle (7,000 and 3,500 students respectively).

Landmarks

The Tour de la Lanterne
in La Rochelle, fully under scaffolding. 1 January 2015

Notable people

Born in La Rochelle

Lived in La Rochelle

Sport

Stade Rochelais are a professional rugby union team in the Top 14 league. They play their home matches at Stade Marcel-Deflandre.

Since 1991 the city has annually hosted the Marathon de La Rochelle, the second-most popular marathon of France and an international-level race which featured 10,000 participants in 2010.[47]

ES La Rochelle is the local football club.

In 2022, Stade Rochelais Basket promoted to the LNB Pro B. The team plays its home games at the Salle Gaston-Neveur.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

La Rochelle is

twinned with:[48]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
  2. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. doi:10.3406/shmes.1986.1451
    .
  4. ^ "La Rochelle classée troisième ville de France la plus agréable à vivre". actu.fr (in French). 20 January 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  5. ^ Reformation in La Rochelle: tradition and change in early modern Europe by Judith Chandler Pugh Meyer p.19 Google Books
  6. ^ Bradshaw's illustrated travellers' hand book in [afterw.] to France by George Bradshaw Google Books
  7. ISBN 9780521558723
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    ISBN 9780932813404
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  13. ISBN 9781741045956
    .
  14. ^
    ISBN 9004108807
    .
  15. ^ Fortress of the soul: violence, metaphysics, and material life by Neil Kamil p.133 Google Books
  16. ISBN 9780521379847
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  17. ^ Fortress of the soul: violence, metaphysics, and material life by Neil Kamil p.148 Google Books
  18. ^ Fortress of the soul: violence, metaphysics, and material life by Neil Kamil p.149 Google Books
  19. ^ MacKenney, Richard (1989). The City State, 1500–1700. Humanities Press International. p. 13.
  20. ^ The rise and fall of Renaissance France, 1483–1610 by Robert Jean Knecht p.355 Google Books
  21. ^ The Counter-Reformation and price revolution, 1559–1610 Richard Bruce Wernham p.288 Google Books
  22. ^ Memoirs of Maximilian de Béthune, duke of Sully. 1778. p. 20. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  23. ^
    ISBN 9780773528505
    . Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  24. ^ Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge Page 268 Google Books
  25. ISBN 9780801873904
    .
  26. ISBN 0-8027-1326-2
    .
  27. ^ "Charles II - volume 161: July 1–7, 1666." Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1665-6. Ed. Mary Anne Everett Green. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1864. 485-510. British History Online Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  28. doi:10.3406/outre.1976.1919
    . Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  29. ISBN 9781585444311
    . Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  30. ISBN 9781846310515
    .
  31. ISBN 9781444647938
    .
  32. ISBN 9780195189483
    .
  33. ^ "Heavily potted plates with crude red and green Chinese figures were made in large numbers " in Collecting European delft and faience Diana Imber, Praeger, 1968, p.60
  34. ^ "The industry only really started to flourish in La Rochelle towards the middle of the 18th century (...) new everyday vessels were decorated "au petit feu" with flowers and Chinese figures then in fashion." Cahiers de la céramique du verre et des arts du feu, Issues 41–45 Musée national de céramique (France). Société des amis du Musée national de céramique, 1968
  35. ^ La Rochelle touristic board at the "Pointe du Chay"
  36. ^ "Données climatiques de la station de La Rochelle" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  37. ^ "Climat Poitou-Charentes" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  38. ^ "La Rochelle (17)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  39. ^ "Normes et records 1961–1990: La Rochelle Aérodrome (17) – altitude 22m" (in French). Infoclimat. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  40. ^ Le nom des habitants du 17 - Charente-Maritime, habitants.fr
  41. ^ a b Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet La Rochelle, EHESS (in French).
  42. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
  43. ^ "La Rochelle : le chantier nautique Amel ouvre ses portes et recrute". sudouest.fr. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  44. ^ "A textbook love affair?". BBC News Magazine. 16 June 2009. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  45. ^ "How to reach us? | Destination Ile de Ré". www.holidays-iledere.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  46. ^ "Actualité Transport > Le port de La Rochelle lance ses trains avec ECR". Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  47. ^ Vazel, Pierre-Jean (28 November 2011). Komen breaks La Rochelle record with 2:07:13. IAAF. Retrieved on 30 November 2011.
  48. ^ "Jumelage et partenariat". larochelle.fr (in French). La Rochelle. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  • Boardman, John The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, Princeton 1993
    ISBN 0-691-03680-2

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of La Rochelle

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for La Rochelle.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Rochelle.
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