Karl Freiherr von Müffling
Halle, Kingdom of Prussia | |
|---|---|
| Died | 10 January 1851 (aged 75) Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Allegiance |  Kingdom of Prussia |
| Service/ |  Prussian Army |
| Years of service | 1787–1847 |
| Rank | _-_Full_dress.gif){kind=small} Generalfeldmarshall |
| Battles/wars | War of the First Coalition |
| Awards | Iron Cross Pour le Mérite (military) Order of the Black Eagle |
Friedrich Karl Ferdinand Freiherr von Müffling, nicknamed Weiss (12 June 1775 – 10 January 1851) was a
Prussian General Staff as Chief. Müffling also specialized in military topography and cartography
.
Biography
Born in
Halle, Müffling entered the Prussian army in 1790.[2]
In 1799 Müffling contributed to a military dictionary edited by Lieutenant W. von Leipziger, and in the winter of 1802-1803, being then a
Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.[2]
In 1806 Müffling served under Hohenlohe,
German Campaign of 1813
, and was placed on the headquarters staff of the Army of Silesia.
The death of
August von Gneisenau succeeded Scharnhorst as Chief of Staff to Blucher. Müffling in turn was appointed as his deputy (Generalquartiermeister), although Gneisenau would have preferred Carl von Clausewitz.[3]
His business qualities and common sense were greatly valued, though the temperamental differences between Müffling and Gneisenau often led to friction, especially as the former was in a measure the representative of the antiquated topographical school of strategists, to whom (rightly in the main) the disaster of the
Battle of Jena was attributed. In the interval between the first occupation of Paris and the Hundred Days, Müffling served as chief of the staff to the Russian General Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly and to General Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf. He was Prussian commissioner at the Duke of Wellington's headquarters in the Waterloo campaign, and was involved in the various controversies which centred round the events at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815.[2]
After the final fall of
St Petersburg in connection with negotiations for peace between Russia and Turkey. He took a prominent part in the military and civil history of Prussia, and from 1838 to 1847 was governor of Berlin. He was also the inventor of a system of hachuring for maps. Failing health compelled his retirement in the latter year, and he died on 10 January 1851, at his estate of Ringhofen.[2]
Works
Under the initials of C(arl) von W(eiss), Muffling wrote various important works on military art and history:[2]
- Operations plan der preuss-sächs. Armee 1800 (Weimar, 1807)
- marginalia on the archduke Charles's Grundsätze der höheren Kriegskunst für die Generäle der österreichischen Armee
- marginalia on Rühle von Lilienstern's Bericht über die Vorgänge bei der Hohenloheschen Armee 1806
- Die preussisch-russische Kampagne bis zum Waffenstillstande 1813 (Berlin, 1813)
- Geschichte der Armeen unter Wellington und Blücher 1819 (Stuttgart, 1817)
- Zur Kriegsgesch. der Jahre 1813-1814: die Feldzüge der schlesischen Armee von des Beendigung des Waffenstillstandes bis zur Eroberung von Paris (Berlin, 1824)
- Betrachtungen über die grossen Operationen und Schlachten 1813-1815 (Berlin, 1825)
- Napoleons Strategie 1813 (Berlin, 1827)
- an essay on the Roman roads on the lower Rhine (Berlin, 1834).
His reminiscences:
- Aus meinem Leben (Berlin, 1851).
- Narrative of my Missions to Constantinople and St. Petersburg, in the Years 1829 and 1830 (London, 1855); translated by David Jardine.
Orders and decorations
Kingdom of Prussia:[4]
- Iron Cross (1813), 1st Class
- Pour le Mérite (military), with Oak Leaves, 3 June 1814[5]
- Service Award Cross
- Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 18 November 1829; in Diamonds, 15 October 1840[6]
Austrian Empire: Knight of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1814[7]
Kingdom of France: Commander of the Military Merit Order[4]
Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order[4]
Military William Order, 22 March 1819[8]
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Falcon, 6 October 1817[9]
United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (military division), 20 October 1815[10]
Kingdom of Hanover: Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 1825[11]
Russian Empire:[4]
- Knight of the Order of St. George, 4th Class, 10 December 1813;[12] 3rd Class, 25 January 1817
- Knight of the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st Class, 1829[13]
- Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, in Diamonds, 1830[13]
- Knight of the Order of St. Andrew, in Diamonds, 8 October 1838
- Knight of the Order of St. Anna, 1st Class in Diamonds
Notes and references
- ^ Regarding personal names: Freiherr is a former title (translated as Baron). In Germany since 1919, it forms part of family names. The feminine forms are Freifrau and Freiin.
- ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Müffling, Friedrich Freiherr von (1852). Passages from my life: together with memoirs of the campaign of 1813 and 1814 (2 ed.). London: R Bently. pp. 57–58. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
- ^ a b c d Rangliste de Königlich Preußischen Armee (in German), Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn, 1849, p. 108 – via hathitrust.org
- ^ Lehmann, Gustaf (1913). Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite 1812–1913 [The Knights of the Order of the Pour le Mérite] (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. p. 260.
- ^ "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter", Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (in German), Berlin: Decker, 1851, p. 19
- ^ "Ritter-Orden: Militärischer Maria-Theresien-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich, 1848, p. 13, retrieved 27 November 2021
- ^ "Militaire Willems-Orde: Muffling, F.K.F. Baron von" [Military William Order: Muffling, F.K.F. Baron von]. Ministerie van Defensie (in Dutch). 22 March 1819. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ "Großherzogliche Hausorden", Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogthum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (in German), Weimar: Böhlau, 1846, p. 10
- ^ Shaw, William Arthur (1906). The Knights of England. Vol. 1. London: Sharrett & Hughes. pp. 228.
- ^ Staat Hannover (1850). "Königliche Orden". Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1850 (in German). Hannover: Berenberg. p. 55.
- ^ Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. p. 140.
- ^ a b Deutsche Biographie, Müffling, Karl
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Müffling, Friedrich Karl Ferdinand, Freiherr von". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 955.
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