Karl Loewenstein (banker)
Karl Loewenstein | |
---|---|
Born | Karl Loewenstein 2 May 1887 Banker |
Political party |
|
Spouse | Margot Hamburger |
Karl Loewenstein (2 May 1887 – 9 August 1975/1976) was a German banker and naval officer. He was imprisoned in the Theresienstadt Ghetto in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia during World War II. In the ghetto, he served as the head of the Jewish police. After World War II, Loewenstein was rearrested and imprisoned without charge for a period of time by authorities of the reconstituted Czechoslovakia, purportedly due to mistaken identity.
Though a controversial[1] figure owing to his role in the ghetto hierarchy, historian H. G. Adler – another Theresienstadt internee – later credited Loewenstein's discipline and management as bringing "boons to the camp" and stated that his eventual removal from his post led to "misfortune" for the ghetto's inmates.
Early life and education
Karl Loewenstein was born on 2 May 1887 in
Politics
Loewenstein began his political life as a member of the conservative-nationalist Fatherland Party before joining the German People's Party after World War I.[5] During the ascendancy of the Nazi Party, he expressed concerns about increasing animosity towards Germany's Jewish veterans and, in the 1930s, helped establish a parish of the Confessing Church, organized in opposition to Nazi plans to unify all of Germany's Protestant churches into a single, national church.[1][6]
Arrest and internments
Minsk Ghetto
Loewenstein's involvement in the Confessing Church, in combination with his Jewish parentage, led to his arrest in November 1941.[1][7] He was deported from Germany to the Minsk Ghetto.[1] There, he served in the Minsk Ghetto Police.[5] The following year, he was transferred to the Theresienstadt Ghetto in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.[1]
Theresienstadt Ghetto
In September 1942, Loewenstein – due to his military experience and German language fluency – was appointed by SS-Hauptsturmführer Siegfried Seidl to organize and lead the Theresienstadt Ghetto's security service, the so-called "Ghetto Guard", making him the second-highest ranking inmate after the Elder of the Jews Jakob Edelstein.[1][8] A previous iteration of the Ghetto Guard had been deported by German authorities after it was discovered guards were in contact with the outside world via sympathetic cetniks of the Protectorate Gendarmerie.[9]
Unlike in other concentration camps, Loewenstein's Ghetto Guard was not used to support SS deportation operations.
During the year he spent at its head, the Ghetto Guard under Loewenstein swelled to an efficient unit of between 400 and 500 inmates. Loewenstein introduced uniforms, marching drills, and Prussian-inspired military customs for the force.[5][8] However, the increasing professionalism of the Ghetto Guard created unease with Seidl's successor as the ghetto's SS commander. He became concerned about the presence of a large and well-disciplined Jewish paramilitary force operating in the Protectorate.[9][8] In 1943, Loewenstein was deposed as head of ghetto security services and much of the Ghetto Guard deported, along with Jakob Edelstein, replaced by yet another inmate-staffed security service.[9][1] Loewenstein was arrested on orders of the ghetto's new elders, tried, and convicted of several minor offenses by the ghetto court, serving several months' imprisonment in a ghetto jail before his release.[1]
While Loewenstein's service as head of the Theresienstadt Ghetto's Jewish security services was controversial among some Holocaust survivors, he was redeemed by H.G. Adler who, writing in the foreword to his 1955 work Theresienstadt 1941–1945, recalled that:
Even if some may find it disagreeable, it remains a fact that, for a year, Loewenstein – with his great virtues and obvious faults – was a decisive force in shaping the camp's history. To ignore this would be a gross distortion of the truth; because Loewenstein has been treated quite unfairly in the past, there is all the more reason to emphasize his historical significance here and so try to strip away some of this injustice.[4]
Adler would also recall that Loewenstein's "achievements brought many boons to the camp, and his downfall only misfortune".[4]
Pankrác Prison
Following the liberation of Theresienstadt by the
Loewenstein was suddenly released in 1947 after a magistrate determined there was no evidence to hold him. According to Loewenstein, "when I was released the Czechs provided me with all kinds of support. They even offered me a pension if I wanted to stay in the Republic".[12]
Later years
Loewenstein emigrated to
Personal life
Loewenstein was married to Margot Hamburger and had at least two sons.[7] He is briefly referenced in Tom Lampert's One Life, an account of eight semi-fictional, composite persons from World War II created from the author's documentary research. According to Lampert, Loewenstein was "cultivated, polite, punctilious, and rigorously military".[14]
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Karl Loewenstein collection". wiener.soutron.net. Wiener Holocaust Library. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ "Loewenstein, Dr. Karl". ghetto-theresienstadt.de (in German). Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Karl Loewenstein collection". ehri-project.eu. European Holocaust Research Infrastructure. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ ISBN 0521881463.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-5017-5103-5.
- United States Holocaust Museum.
- ^ a b c "Out of the hell of Minsk into the 'paradise' of Theresienstadt". ushmm.org. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ ISBN 978-0190051792.
- ^ a b c Svoboda, Jaroslav. "Příslušníci terezínské židovské policie nahnali strach i Němcům, ti je raději rozpustili". nasregion.cz (in Czech). Náš region. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ Filkins, Peter (13 March 2019). "On H.G. Adler's Lectures from a Concentration Camp". lithub.com. Literary Hub. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- .
- ^ a b c Loewenstein, Karl. "Karl Loewenstein, on his imprisonment by the Russians in Prague after the war". ehri-project.eu. European Holocaust Research Infrastructure. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ ""Minsk - Im lager der deutschen Juden"". Collections - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- ISBN 0151007160.