Karl Mack von Leiberich
Karl Mack von Leiberich | |
---|---|
Born | Nennslingen, Principality of Ansbach | 25 August 1752
Died | 22 December 1828 St. Pölten, Lower Austria | (aged 76)
Allegiance | Holy Roman Empire Austrian Empire |
Years of service | 1770–1807 |
Rank | Feldmarschall-leutnant |
Battles/wars |
|
Awards | Military Order of Maria Theresa |
Karl Freiherr Mack von Leiberich (25 August 1752 – 22 December 1828) was an
Early career
Karl Mack was born at Nennslingen, in the Principality of Ansbach. In 1770 he joined an Austrian cavalry regiment, in which his uncle, Georg Wilhelm Leiberich, was a squadron commander, becoming an officer seven years later. During the brief War of the Bavarian Succession he was selected for service on the staff of Count Kinsky, under whom, and subsequently under the commander-in-chief Field Marshal Count Lacy, he did excellent work. He was promoted first lieutenant in 1778, and captain on the quartermaster-general's staff in 1783. Count Lacy, then the foremost soldier of the Austrian army, had the highest opinion of his young assistant. In 1785 Mack married Katherine Gabrieul, and was ennobled under the name of Mack von Leiberich.[2]
In the
French Revolutionary Wars
Mack distinguished himself again on the field of Neerwinden and had a leading part in the negotiations between Coburg and Dumouriez. He continued to serve as quartermaster-general and was made titular chief (Inhaber) of a cuirassier regiment. He received a wound at Famars and in 1794 was once more engaged in active service after being made a major-general.
While Mack had been credited with the initial successes of March–April 1793, the ultimate failure of the
War of the Third Coalition
Two years later he escaped from Paris in disguise. There were allegations that he broke his parole, a severe allegation that reflected on his honor as a gentleman and an officer (in the opinion of the anonymous author of his biography in the 1911 Eleventh edition of Encyclopædia Britannica this allegation was false).[2]
He was not employed for some years, but in 1804, when the war party in the Austrian court needed a general to oppose the peace policy of the Archduke Charles, Mack was made quartermaster-general of the army, with instructions to prepare for a war with France. He did all that was possible within the available time to reform the army, and on the opening of the war of 1805 he became quartermaster-general to the titular commander-in-chief in Germany, the Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este, who was himself inexperienced in military command. Consequently, Mack held the real responsible commander of the army that opposed Napoleon in Bavaria, but his position was ill-defined and his authority treated with minimal respect by the other general officers. Furthermore, the restructuring of the Habsburg military had been incomplete; Mack chose to initiate some of Charles' innovations, while ignoring others. His own insecurities and vagaries did not encourage the confidence of the staff; in the campaigning that led up to the Battle of Ulm, Mack's frequent reversals of Viennese policy, and even his own decisions, further undermined an already fragile command structure.[2]
At Ulm in October 1805, he surrendered the entire army to Napoleon. A few of his officers, including Prince von Schwarzenberg, broke through the French defenses in a massed cavalry charge and escaped, but most of the Austrian high command was captured with 25,000 men, 18 generals, 65 guns, and 40 standards. The general officers received a parole that required them to abstain from combat with France, removing the bulk of Habsburg commanders from the possibility of service in the upcoming campaign of the Upper Danube.[citation needed]
After
Notes
References
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mack von Leiberich, Karl". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 260. Endnotes:
- C. A. Schweigerd: Oesterreichs Helden und Heerführer von Maximilian I. bis auf die neueste Zeit in Biographien und Charakterskizzen .... Vienna, 1854
- Constantin von Wurzbach: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich. Vienna 1856 - 1891.
- Johann Ritter von Rittersberg: Biographien der ausgezeichnetesten Feldherren der k.k. oesterreichischen Armee. Prague, 1828
- The Historisches Taschenbuch (a yearbook founded by Friedrich von Raumer) for 1873 contains a vindication of Mack.
- A short critical memoir will be found in Streffleur (i.e., Österreichische Militärische Zeitschrift) for January 1907.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
External sources
Ph.D. thesis: Gramm, E.R.: "Der unglückliche Mack - Aufstieg und Fall des Karl Mack von Leiberich" http://othes.univie.ac.at/480/1/02-05-2008_7500647.pdf