Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grün
Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grün (German:
Although less widely known today, Grün was an important figure in the German
Young Hegelianism, 'True Socialism' and early activism
Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grün was born in
Grün argued that humans are material beings who are by nature social and need the community of others to survive. From Feuerbach he adopted the thesis that the idea of God is merely an alienated representation of human sociality or 'species being', reflecting the alienating and unjust character of actual human social conditions. Unlike Feuerbach, whose socialism was largely passive, Grün called for a 'philosophy of action', because the spiritual alienation of humanity in religion can only be overcome if the political-economic alienation of human beings from each other in society is overcome by means of revolutionary action. Like many Young Hegelians, Grün saw as parallel and complementary the development of socialist theory in France and the revolution of critical philosophy in Germany. Grün followed Hess and the 'True Socialists' in claiming that the struggle for human emancipation could not be successful unless critical philosophy became socialist and socialism were infused with philosophical criticism. (Marx came to reject this view as giving undue priority to ideology over material substructure.)[3]
Grün returned to Germany in 1842. His radical journalism, advocating democracy and professing republican and socialist sympathies, and his known association with radical political circles, made an academic career impossible. The University of Marburg even refused to have Grün as a post-doctoral student, and the Prussian authorities placed him on a list of 'political criminals'. He was expelled from several German states and lived in a number of cities over the next few years (most extensively in Cologne), supporting himself by means of journalism, giving lectures on literary topics and working as a school teacher. In democratic circles he enjoyed a certain celebrity. He contributed to, and edited, a number of radical publications, including the newspaper Der Sprecher ('The Speaker') and the monthly journal Bielefelder Monatsschrift. Many of these publications were eventually outlawed by the authorities. In 1843, Grün (along with Marx, Hess and others) participated in the controversy over Bruno Bauer's essay 'The Jewish Question', which opposed civil rights for Jews. Grün rejected Bauer's position.
Exile, revolution, exile
In 1844, impecunious, under pressure from the censorship and fearing arrest, Grün once again went into exile. He first moved to Brussels, where he associated with the radical poet
In February 1848, Grün enthusiastically welcomed the French revolution against King
Amnesty, literature and democratic politics
In 1861, an amnesty enabled Grün to return to Prussian territory. Over the next few months he travelled widely, giving lectures and attending the opening of the National Assembly of the newly unified Italian state in 1861. In 1862 he settled in Frankfurt, where he taught history of literature at the Polytechnic. He also wrote for the Neue Frankfurter Zeitung. In 1865 he moved to Heidelberg. Grün remained politically active, becoming involved in the democratic 'People's Party' (one of the forerunners of the German Social-Democratic Party) and opposing Prussian ambitions to establish hegemony in Germany. In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 he took an anti-Prussian stance, not out of sympathy for Habsburg imperial pretensions but out of hostility to Hohenzollern ambitions. In 1867 he attended the international Congress of the League of Peace and Freedom in Geneva, which was also attended by John Stuart Mill, Bakunin and Giuseppe Garibaldi. Prussia having won the war against Austria, Grün moved to Vienna in 1868, where he remained for the rest of his life. There he edited the periodical Democratic Correspondence and gave lectures on literature, art and philosophy. His publications during these years included an edition of the correspondence and posthumous writings of his mentor Ludwig Feuerbach, a two-volume philosophical biography of Feuerbach, a book-length critique of F.A. Lange's noted treatise on materialist philosophy and several other works on philosophy, art, literature and history. In 1871, Grün welcomed the uprising of the Paris Commune. In the 1870s he supported the creation of workers' educational circles, which became one of the sources of the Austrian socialist party (founded after Grün's death). Grün died in Vienna in 1887.[5]
Albert Grün (1822–1904)
Karl Grün's younger brother Albert Grün also played a role in the democratic and socialist circles of the 1830s and 1840s.
Albert Grün was born in Lüdenscheid on May 31, 1822. He became politically active as early as 1836, at the age of 14. Under the influence of his brother Karl, Albert Grün became involved in illegal democratic circles, associated with the Young Hegelians and absorbed the philosophy of Feuerbach and the doctrines of the French socialists, Fourier, Proudhon, etc. He contributed to several radical publications and in 1846 was condemned for lèse majesté. He escaped to Brussels, where he gave lectures on modern drama.
During the 1848 revolution he returned to Germany. In Berlin he organized one of the earliest German labour unions, the 'Machine Builders' Association'. In 1849 Albert Grün played a role in the revolutionary Provisional Government of Saxony and in the armed uprisings in the Palatinate and in Baden. He was sentenced to death for his role in the Badensian revolution but escaped to the Alsatian capital of Strasbourg, France. There he gave lectures on literature and worked as a school teacher. Although Grün received an amnesty in the 1860s, he remained in Strasbourg. In 1871, as a result of the Franco-Prussian War, Germany annexed Alsace, but Grün was not molested.
Grün continued to work as a teacher and tutor in various capacities. He was a member of the General Association for the German Language and worked for a reconciliation of the French and German nations. He also supported the German Social-Democratic party. Albert Grün published a variety of books on historical, political and literary topics. He died in Strasbourg on April 22, 1904.
Works of Karl Grün
Karl Grün's major works have so far not been translated into English, although some of his articles have been included in various anthologies of Young Hegelian writings. His publications in German include:
- 1843: Die Judenfrage. Gegen Bruno Bauer. [The Jewish Question. Against Bruno Bauer.]
- 1844: Friedrich Schiller als Mensch, Geschichtschreiber, Denker und Dichter. [Friedrich Schiller as Man, Historian, Philosopher and Poet.]
- 1845: Die soziale Bewegung in Frankreich und Belgien. Briefe und Studien. [The Social Movement in France and Belgium. Letters and Studies.]
- 1846: Über Goethevom menschlichen Standpunkte. [On Goethe from the Human Standpoint.]
- 1860: Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, die Sphinx auf dem französischen Kaiserthron. [Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, the Sphinz on the French Imperial Throne.]
- 1861: Italien im Frühjahr 1861. [Italy in the Spring of 1861.]
- 1872: Kulturgeschichte des 16. Jahrhunderts. [Cultural History of the Sixteenth Century.]
- 1874: Ludwig Feuerbach (2 volumes).
- 1876: Die Philosophie in der Gegenwart. [The Philosophy of the Present.]
- 1880: Kulturgeschichte des 17. Jahrhunderts. [Cultural History of the Seventeenth Century.]
- Grün also published a German translation of Proudhon's System of Economic Contradictions: The Philosophy of Poverty in 1847, and an edition of the radical poet Ludwig Börne's Letters from Paris in 1868.
A selection of his writings in German has been published, with a philosophical introduction, by Manuela Köppe:
- Grün, K., Ausgewählte Schriften in zwei Bänden. Ed. M. Köppe. Berlin, 2005.
Works of Albert Grün
Albert Grün's writings are generally not available in English either. His writings in German include:
- 1846: Offener Brief an die Bonner Studenten. [Open Letter to the Students of Bonn.]
- 1849: Das Frankfurter Vorparlament und seine Wurzeln in Frankreich und Deutschland. [The Pre-Parliament of Frankfurt and its Roots in France and Germany.]
- 1851: Deutsche Flüchtlinge. Zeitbild. [German Refugees. An Image of the Times.]
- 1856: Goethe's Faust.
- 1856: Das ABC der Ästhetik. Fünf Vorlesungen. [The ABC of Aesthetics. Five Lectures.]
- 1859: Aus der Verbannung. Gedichte. [From Exile. Poems.]
References
- ^ Other acquaintances included the writers Ludwig Börne, Georg Büchner, David Kalisch, Georg Herwegh, Ludwig Büchner, Edgar Bauer, Victor Hugo, George Sand and Eugène Sue.
- ^ Cp. Marx, K., and F. Engels, The Holy Family (1844); idem, The German Ideology (1845-46), unpublished at the time.
- ^ Cp. Grün, K., Ausgewählte Schriften in zwei Bänden. (Ed. M. Köppe) 2 vol's. Berlin, 2005.
- ^ Karl Marx sharply criticized this book in 'Karl Grün or The Historiography of True Socialism' (1846). Marx warned Proudhon against the 'charlatan' Grün, but Proudhon, suspecting Marx of jealousy, defended Grün, leading to a chill in relations between Marx and Proudhon that paved the way for Marx's scathing polemic against Proudhon in The Poverty of Philosophy (1847). That book was a critique of Proudhon's tome The Philosophy of Poverty (1846), which displayed the influence of Grün's lessons in Young Hegelian philosophy.
- ^ Biographical note contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 9 (International Publishers: New York, 1977) p. 603.
Sources
- Wolfgang Schieder , 'Grün, Karl'. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Vol. 7, Berlin 1966, p. 186 f.
- Stegmann, Carl / Carl Hugo: Handbuch des Socialismus. Zürich 1894, p. 310f.
- Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon(1905), Vol. 8, p. 442.
- James Strassmeier, Karl Grün und die Kommunistische Partei 1845–1848. Trier 1973.
External links
- Literature by and about Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grün in the German National Library catalogue (in German)