Knute Rockne
Biographical details | |
---|---|
Born | Voss, Norway | March 4, 1888
Died | March 31, 1931 Bazaar Township, Kansas, U.S. | (aged 43)
Alma mater | University of Notre Dame |
Playing career | |
1910–1913 | Notre Dame |
1914 | Akron Indians |
1915 | Fort Wayne Friars |
1915–1917 | Massillon Tigers |
Position(s) | End |
Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
1914–1917 | Notre Dame (assistant)[1] |
1916–1917 | South Bend J. F. C.s |
1918–1930 | Notre Dame |
Administrative career (AD unless noted) | |
1918–1931 | Notre Dame |
Head coaching record | |
Overall | 105–12–5 |
Bowls | 1–0 |
Accomplishments and honors | |
Championships | |
3× National (1924, 1929, 1930)[2] | |
Awards | |
Second-team All-American (1913) 2× First-team All-Western (1911, 1913) | |
College Football Hall of Fame Inducted in 1951 (profile) |
Knute Kenneth Rockne (/kəˈnuːt/ kə-NOOT,[3] though commonly pronounced /nut/ NOOT;[4] March 4, 1888 – March 31, 1931) was an American football player and coach at the University of Notre Dame. Leading Notre Dame for 13 seasons, Rockne accumulated over 100 wins and three national championships.
Rockne is regarded as one of the greatest coaches in college football history.[5] His biography at the College Football Hall of Fame, where he was inducted in 1951, identifies him as "without question, American football's most-renowned coach". Rockne helped to popularize the forward pass and made the Notre Dame Fighting Irish a major factor in college football.
In 1931, at the age of 43, Rockne died in a plane crash.
Early life
Knute Rockne was born Knut Larsen Rokne,
After Rockne graduated from high school, he took a job as a mail dispatcher with the post office in Chicago for four years. When he was 22, he had saved enough money to continue his education. He headed to Notre Dame in Indiana to finish his schooling. Rockne excelled as a football end there, winning All-American honors in 1913. Rockne worked as a lifeguard at Cedar Point in the summer of 1913.
Rockne helped to transform the college game in a single contest. On November 1, 1913, the Notre Dame squad stunned the highly regarded Army team 35–13 in a game played at West Point. Led by quarterback Charlie "Gus" Dorais and Rockne, the Notre Dame team attacked the Cadets with an offense that featured both the expected powerful running game but also long and accurate downfield forward passes from Dorais to Rockne. This game was not the "invention" of the forward pass, but it was the first major contest in which a team used the forward pass regularly throughout the game.
Professional career
At Notre Dame, Rockne was educated as a chemist and he graduated in 1914 with a degree in pharmacy. After graduating, he was the laboratory assistant to noted
Notre Dame coach
While many trace Knute Rockne's debut as a Notre Dame football coach to the war-torn 1918 season, or in 1914 when he became an assistant coach under Jesse Harper, his first position was actually for the Corby and Sorin Hall football teams as a student-athlete in 1912 and 1913.[13][14] These teams represented residence halls on the university grounds that competed against one another in various sports, the most popular of which was football. The term for these competitions is colloquially known as interhall sports.[15] Ironically, while Rockne holds the highest winning-percentage of any major college football coach, his overall record in the interhall football league was a paltry 2–5–4 across two seasons.
During 13 years as head coach, Rockne led Notre Dame to 105 victories, 12 losses, five ties and three consensus national championships, which included five undefeated and untied seasons.
Rockne also recognized that intercollegiate sports had a show-business aspect. Thus he worked hard promoting Notre Dame football to make it financially successful. He used his charm to court favor from the media, which then consisted of newspapers, wire services and radio stations and networks, to obtain free advertising for Notre Dame football.[citation needed] He was successful as a promoter for South Bend-based Studebaker and other products.[citation needed] Through sustained effort, work with Studebaker, several side jobs,[citation needed] and coaching at the University of Notre Dame Rockne eventually earned an income of $75,000 from all his financial activities combined.[20][21][22]
1918–1930
During the war-torn season of
Rockne handled the line and Gus Dorais handled the backfield of the 1919 team.[26] The team went undefeated and was a national champion,[27] though the championship is not recognized by Notre Dame.[28]
Gipp died on December 14, 1920, just two weeks after being elected Notre Dame's first All-American by Walter Camp. He likely contracted strep throat and pneumonia while giving punting lessons after his final game, on November 20 against Northwestern University. Since antibiotics were not available in the 1920s, treatment options for such infections were limited and they could be fatal even to the young and healthy. It was while on his hospital bed and speaking to Rockne that he is purported to have delivered the line "win just one for the Gipper".[29]
John Mohardt led the 1921 Notre Dame team to a 10–1 record with 781 rushing yards, 995 passing yards, 12 rushing touchdowns, and nine passing touchdowns.[30] Grantland Rice wrote, "Mohardt could throw the ball to within a foot or two of any given space" and noted that the 1921 Notre Dame team "was the first team we know of to build its attack around a forward passing game, rather than use a forward passing game as a mere aid to the running game".[31] Mohardt had both Eddie Anderson and Roger Kiley at end to receive his passes.
The national champion
For all his success, Rockne also made what an
The
On November 10, 1928, the Fighting Irish were tied with Army 0–0 at the end of the half.[35] Rockne entered the locker room and told the team the words he heard on Gipp's deathbed in 1920: "I've got to go, Rock. It's all right. I'm not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are going wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, tell them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper. I don't know where I'll be then, Rock. But I'll know about it, and I'll be happy."[36] This inspired the team, who then won the game 12–6. The phrase "Win one for the Gipper" was later used as a political slogan by Ronald Reagan, who in 1940 portrayed Gipp in Knute Rockne, All American.
Both the
Personal life
Rockne met Bonnie Gwendoline Skiles (1891–1956) of
Plane crash and public reaction
Rockne died in the
Coincidentally, Jess Harper, a friend of Rockne's and who was the coach Rockne had replaced at Notre Dame, lived about 100 miles (160 km) from the spot of the crash. Harper was called to make positive identification of Rockne's body.[45][46] A memorial dedicated to the victims stands on the spot where the plane crashed. The memorial is surrounded by a wire fence with wooden posts and was maintained for many years by James Heathman, who, at the age of 13 in 1931, was one of the first people to arrive at the site of the crash.[47]
Rockne's unexpected death startled the nation and triggered a national outpouring of grief, comparable to the deaths of presidents. President
Rockne was buried in Highland Cemetery in South Bend, the city adjacent to the Notre Dame campus.[50] Six of his players from the previous year (Marty Brill, Tom Yarr, Frank Carideo, Marchy Schwartz, Tom Conley and Larry Mullins) carried him to his final resting place. More than 100,000 people lined the route of his funeral procession,[51] and the funeral, held at the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, was broadcast live on network radio across the United States and in Europe as well as parts of South America and Asia.[51][52]
Driven by the public feeling for Rockne, the crash story played out at length in nearly all the nation's newspapers and public demand for an inquiry into the crash's causes and circumstances ensued.
Legacy
Rockne was not the first coach to use the forward pass, but he helped popularize it nationally. Most football historians agree that a few schools, notably St. Louis University (under coach Eddie Cochems), Michigan, Carlisle and Minnesota, had passing attacks in place before Rockne arrived at Notre Dame. The great majority of passing attacks, however, consisted solely of short pitches and shovel passes to stationary receivers. Additionally, few of the major Eastern teams that constituted the power center of college football at the time used the pass.
In the summer of 1913, while he was a lifeguard on the beach at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, Rockne and his college teammate and roommate Gus Dorais worked on passing techniques. These were employed in games by the 1913 Notre Dame squad and subsequent Harper- and Rockne-coached teams and included many features common in modern passing, including having the passer throw the ball overhand and having the receiver run under a football and catch the ball in stride.
That fall, Notre Dame upset heavily favored
Coaching tree
Rockne's coaching tree includes:
- Eddie Anderson: played for Notre Dame (1919–1921), head coach for Iowa (1939–1949)
- Hunk Anderson: played for Notre Dame (1918–1921), head coach for Notre Dame (1931–1933), NC State (1934–1936)
- Pittsburgh Pirates/Steelers (1935–1936; 1952–1953)
- Charlie Bachman: played for Notre Dame (1914–1916), head coach for Kansas State (1920–1927), Florida (1928–1932), Michigan State (1933–1946)
- Washington Redskins(1943)
- Frank Carideo: played for Notre Dame (1928–1930), head coach for Missouri (1932–1934)
- Stan Cofall: played for Notre Dame (1914–1916), head coach for Wake Forest (1928).
- Chuck Collins: played for Notre Dame (1922–1924), head coach for North Carolina (1926–1933).
- Jim Crowley: played for Notre Dame (1922–1924), head coach for Michigan State (1928–1932), Fordham (1933–1941).
- Gus Dorais: played for Notre Dame (1910–1913), assistant for Notre Dame (1919), head coach for Gonzaga (1920–1924).
- Rex Enright: played for Notre Dame (1923–1925), head coach for South Carolina (1938–1942; 1946–1955).
- Noble Kizer: played for Notre Dame (1922–1924), head coach for Purdue (1930–1936)
- Curly Lambeau: played for Notre Dame (1918), head coach for Green Bay Packers (1919−1949)
- Elmer Layden: played for Notre Dame (1922–1924), head coach for Duquesne (1927–1933), Notre Dame (1934–1940)
- Frank Leahy: played for Notre Dame (1928–1930), head coach for Boston College (1939–1940), Notre Dame (1941–1943; 1946–1953).
- Tom Lieb: played for Notre Dame (1919–1922), head coach for Loyola Los Angeles (1930–1938), Florida (1940–1945).
- Slip Madigan: played for Notre Dame (1916–1917; 1919), head coach for Saint Mary's (1921–1939) Iowa (1943–1944)
- Harry Mehre: played for Notre Dame (1919–1921), head coach for Georgia (1928–1937), Ole Miss (1938–1945).
- Don Miller: played for Notre Dame (1922–1924), assistant for Georgia Tech (1925–1928), Ohio State (1929–1932).
- Edgar Miller: played for Notre Dame (1922–1924), head coach for Navy (1931–1933)
- Chuck Riley: played for Notre Dame (1927), head coach for New Mexico (1931–1933)
- Marchmont Schwartz: played for Notre Dame (1929–1931), head coach for Creighton (1935–1939), Stanford (1942–1950).
- Buck Shaw: played for Notre Dame (1919–1921), head coach for NC State (1924), Nevada (1925–1928), San Francisco 49ers ( 1946–1954 ), Philadelphia Eagles ( 1958– 1960 ).
- Maurice J. "Clipper" Smith: played for Notre Dame (1917–1920), head coach for Gonzaga (1925–1928), Villanova (1936–1942)
- Harry Stuhldreher: played for Notre Dame (1922–1924), head coach for Villanova (1925–1935), Wisconsin (1936–1948).
- Frank Thomas: played for Notre Dame (1920–1922), head coach for Alabama (1931–1946)
- Bowdoin(1935–1942; 1947–1958)
- Earl Walsh: played for Notre Dame (1919–1921), head coach for Fordham (1942).
- John Weibel: played for Notre Dame (1923–1924), assistant for Vanderbilt (1925–1926), Duquesne (1927).
- Chet A. Wynne: played for Notre Dame (1919–1921), head coach for Creighton (1923–1929), Auburn (1930–1933), Kentucky (1934–1937).
- Larry Mullins: played for Notre Dame (1927-1930), head coach at St. Benedict's College (1932 to 1936), Loyola University of New Orleans (1937 to 1939), and St. Ambrose University (1940, 1947–1950).
- Clem Crowe: played for Notre Dame (1923-1925), head coach for St. Vincent (1926-31), Xavier (1935-43), assistant for Notre Dame (1944), head coach for Iowa (1945), Buffalo Bills (1949), Baltimore Colts (1950), Ottawa Rough Riders* (1951-1954), BC Lions* (1956-1958)
- Canadian Football League; Won Grey Cup in 1951
Memorials
- Notre Dame memorializes him in the Knute Rockne Memorial Building, an athletics facility built in 1937, as well as the main football stadium.[55]
- His name appears on streets in South Bend and in Stevensville, Michigan, (where Rockne had a summer home), and a travel plaza on the Indiana Toll Road.
- The Rockne Memorial near Bazaar, Kansas at the site of the airliner crash memorializes Rockne and the seven others who died with him. It was erected by the late Easter Heathman, who as a boy was a crash eyewitness and was among the first to respond at the scene. Every five years since the crash, a memorial ceremony is held there and at a nearby schoolhouse, drawing relatives of the victims and Rockne and Notre Dame fans from around the world. Now part of the Heathman family estate, it is accessible only by arrangement or during memorial commemorations.[45]
- The Matfield Green rest stop travel plaza (center foyer) on the Kansas Turnpike near Bazaar and the airliner crash site where Rockne was killed used to have a large, glassed-in exhibit commemorating Rockne (chiefly), the other crash victims, and the crash itself.[45] The memorial was taken down during renovations of the travel plaza.
- In 1941, Allentown Central Catholic High School in Allentown, Pennsylvania dedicated its gymnasium, Rockne Hall, to Knute Rockne.[56]
- Taylorville, Illinois dedicated the street next to the football field as "Knute Rockne Road".
- The town of Rockne, Texas was named to honor him. In 1931, the children of Sacred Heart School were given the opportunity to name their town. A vote was taken, with the children electing to name the town after Rockne, who had died in a plane crash earlier that year. On March 10, 1988, Rockne opened its post office for one day during which a Knute Rockne 22-cent commemorative stamp was issued. A life-size bust of Rockne was unveiled on March 4, 2006.
- The Studebaker automobile company of South Bend marketed the Rockne automobile from 1931 to 1933. It was a separate product line of Studebaker and priced in the low-cost market.
- Symphonic composer Ferde Grofecomposed a musical suite in Rockne's honor shortly after the coach's death.
- In 1940, actor Warner Brothers film Knute Rockne, All American, in which Rockne used the phrase "win one for the Gipper" in reference to the death bed request of George Gipp, played by Ronald Reagan.
- The short film I Am an American (1944) featured Rockne as a foreign-born citizen[57]
- Rockne was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951 as a charter member and in the Indiana Football Hall of Fame.
- In 1988, the United States Postal Service honored Rockne with a 22-cent commemorative postage stamp.[58] President Ronald Reagan, who played George Gipp in the movie Knute Rockne, All American, gave an address at the Athletic & Convocation Center at the University of Notre Dame on March 9, 1988, and officially unveiled the Rockne stamp.
- In 1988, Rockne was inducted posthumously into the Scandinavian-American Hall of Fame held during Norsk Høstfest.
- A biographical musical of Rockne's life premiered at the Theatre at the Center in Munster, Indiana on April 3, 2008. The musical is based on a play and mini-series by Buddy Farmer.[59]
- The U.S. Navy named a ship in the Liberty ship class after Knute Rockne in 1943. The SS Knute Rockne was scrapped in 1972.[60]
- A statue of Rockne, as well as Ara Parseghian, both by the sculptor Armando Hinojosa of Laredo, Texas, are located on the Notre Dame campus.
- He was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame as a member of the Class of 2014.[61]
Head coaching record
Year | Team | Overall | Bowl/playoffs | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Notre Dame Fighting Irish (Independent) (1918–1930) | |||||||||
1918 | Notre Dame | 3–1–2 | |||||||
1919 | Notre Dame | 9–0 | |||||||
1920 | Notre Dame | 9–0 | |||||||
1921 | Notre Dame | 10–1 | |||||||
1922 | Notre Dame | 8–1–1 | |||||||
1923 | Notre Dame | 9–1 | |||||||
1924 | Notre Dame | 10–0 | W Rose | ||||||
1925 | Notre Dame | 7–2–1 | |||||||
1926 | Notre Dame | 9–1 | |||||||
1927 | Notre Dame | 7–1–1 | |||||||
1928 | Notre Dame | 5–4 | |||||||
1929 | Notre Dame | 9–0 | |||||||
1930 | Notre Dame | 10–0 | |||||||
Notre Dame: | 105–12–5 | ||||||||
Total: | 105–12–5 | ||||||||
National championship Conference title Conference division title or championship game berth |
See also
References
- ^ "Order Blood Test Online – Lab Tests Portal Login". knuterockne.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
- ^ "2016 Media Guide Notre Dame Football" (PDF). University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish Media. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 26, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
- ^ President Reagan's Remarks at the University of Notre Dame on March 9, 1988, retrieved October 14, 2023
- ^ Ara Remembers Rockne's Death - 125 Years of Notre Dame Football - Moment #111, retrieved October 14, 2023
- ISBN 0-7432-2219-9.
- ^ "Skanna arkiver - Arkivverket". media.digitalarkivet.no.
- ^ "Death of Rockne". Time Magazine. April 6, 1931. Archived from the original on December 15, 2008. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
- ISBN 9780809387953.
- ^ "Media Burn Archive – [Chicago Slices raw: School Board]". Retrieved August 29, 2019.
- The Coffin Corner. 1 (5). Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original(PDF) on October 22, 2012.
- ^ PFRA Research (n.d.c). "Thorpe Arrives: 1915" (PDF). Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 11, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
- ISBN 9781886571143.
- ^ "Local News" (PDF). The Scholastic. October 5, 1912. p. 46.
- ^ Archives, Notre Dame (December 18, 2010). "Rev. John "Pop" Farley, CSC". Notre Dame Archives News & Notes. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- ^ "Interhall Football // The Observer". The Observer. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- ^ Portions of this section are adapted from Murray Sperber's book Shake Down The Thunder: The Creation of Notre Dame Football
- ^ Fortuna, Matt (July 9, 2012). "Numbers don't tell story of Knute Rockne". ESPN.com. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Jacob, Bruce R. (2000). "Remembering A Great Dean: Harold L. "Tom" Sebring" (PDF). Stetson Law Review. XXX: 83.
- ^ Kelly, Jason. "St. Knute had a ruthless side too Archived 2013-01-20 at the Wayback Machine." South Bend Tribune. July 28, 2006.
- ISBN 9780981884127.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link - ^ Professor Brian S Collier of the University of Notre Dame to Notre Dame Magazine editor, Jason Kelly and reply March 24, 2024https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kmDj15X-V0_us-_xr7LEbclBbxFwFV-z/view?usp=sharing
- ^ Dame, ENR // MarComm:Web // University of Notre. "This Day In History: Rockne Takes The Reins // Moments // 125 Football // University of Notre Dame".
- ISBN 9780815608868.
- ^ "Leslie's Weekly". google.com. 1921.
- OCLC 317338718.
- ^ 2017 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). Indianapolis: The National Collegiate Athletic Association. July 2017. p. 111. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
- ^ "2016 Media Guide Notre Dame Football" (PDF). University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish Media. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 26, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
- ISBN 0-312-34004-4.
win just one for the gipper.
- ISBN 0806521082.
- ^ Grantland Rice (December 3, 1921). "Where The West Got The Jump: In Addition To Developing Strong Defense and Good Running Game, Has Built Up Forward Pass" (PDF). American Golfer. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
- ^ a b c Robinson, Alan (September 9, 2007). "Rockne's gaffe remembered". The Daily Texan. Texas Student Media. Archived from the original on September 8, 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
- ^ "Henry R. "Peter" Pund". Inductees. Georgia Sports Hall of Fame and Museum. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
- ISBN 0253215684.
- ^ "The New York Times: This Day In Sports". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ^ Homiletic Review. Volume 102, Page 421. 1931.
- ^ "Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ISBN 9780806187327– via Google Books.
- ^ "Bonnie Gwendolyn Skiles". geni_family_tree. December 18, 1891.
- ^ "File:Saints Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Church (Sandusky, Ohio) - Erie Co. Historical Marker, Knute Rockne Wedding.JPG". April 29, 2016.
- ^ "Around the Bend: Knute Rockne". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 21, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
- ^ "Tom and Kate Hickey Family History: 20 Nov. 1925: Tom Hickey Became Knute Rockne's Godfather". tomandkatehickeyfamilyhistory.blogspot.com.
- ^ "Home". The Official Knute Rockne Web Site. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013.
- ^ EAApilot magazine, August 2016
- ^ a b c d e Harris, Richard (2011). "Fans & Family Remember the Crash Heard 'Round the World". harris1.net. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
- ISBN 9781628731125.
- ^ Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ Hoover, Herbert, President of the United States, message to Mrs. Knute Rockne, 119 – "Message of Sympathy on the Death of Knute Rockne", April 1, 1931, Washington, D.C., cited on the web site of The American Presidency Project
- ^ http://www.archives.nd.edu/Alumnus/VOL_0009/VOL_0009_ISSUE_0009.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Cohen, Ed. "In Search of Rockne's Grave". Notre Dame Magazine. No. Winter 2005–06. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-1576079522.
- S2CID 146612474.
- ^ Johnson, Randy, M.A. (Ph.D. candidate, Ohio Univ., Athens, OH; certified airline transport pilot & flight instructor), "The 'Rock': The Role of the Press in Bringing About Change in Aircraft Accident Policy.", Journal of Air Transportation World Wide, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2000, Aviation Institute, University of Nebraska at Omaha.
- ^ O'Leary, Michael, "The Plane that Changed the World", Part 1., Air Classics, vol.46, no.10, Nov.2010, pp.28–48, including sidebar: "Effects of the Rockne Crash".
- ^ Sherry C. M. Lindquist. "Memorializing Knute Rockne at the University of Notre Dame: Collegiate Gothic Architecture and Institutional Identity", Winterthur Portfolio (Spring 2012), 46#1 pp 1–24
- ^ "Historic Rockne Hall," Allentown Central Catholic High School
- IMDb.
- Scott catalog# 2376.
- ^ "Notre Dame Coach Gets Spotlight in Knute Rockne Musical in Indiana, April 3 – May 11". Playbill. Archived from the original on September 9, 2012.
- List of Liberty ships: Je-L
- ^ Knute Rockne, Dick Vermeil and Ki-Jana Carter to be Inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame Archived August 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Tournament of Roses Association, August 26, 2014
Further reading
- Brondfield, Jerry. Rockne: The Coach, the Man, the Legend (1976, reissued 2009)
- Carter, Bob, Sports Century Biography:"Knute Rockne was Notre Dame's master motivator,", Special to ESPN.com
- Cavanaugh, Jack. The Gipper: George Gipp, Knute Rockne, and the Dramatic Rise of Notre Dame Football (2010)
- Harmon, Daniel E. Notre Dame Football (The Rosen Publishing Group, 2013).
- Lindquist, Sherry C. M. Memorializing Knute Rockne at the University of Notre Dame: Collegiate Gothic Architecture and Institutional Identity", Winterthur Portfolio (Spring 2012), 46#1 pp 1–24. JSTOR 10.1086/665045.
- Lovelace, Delos Wheeler. Rockne of Notre Dame (1931)
- Norsk Biografisk leksikon (NBL)
- Robinson, Ray. Rockne of Notre Dame: The Making of a Football Legend (1999)
- Rockne, Knute K. Coaching. (Devin-Adair, 1925).
- Sperber, Murray, Shake Down the Thunder: The Creation of Notre Dame Football (1993)
- Stewart, Mark. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish (Norwood House Press, 2011)
- Stuhldreher, Harry. Knute Rockne, Man Builder (Grosset & Dunlap, 1931)
External links
- Knute Rockne at the College Football Hall of Fame
- Knute Rockne at Find a Grave
- Knute Rockne letters to Eugene Roberts, MSS 7691 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University