Koufax–Drysdale holdout

Sandy Koufax and Don Drysdale, pitchers for the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1950s and 1960s, jointly held out prior to the 1966 season.

Prior to the 1966 Major League Baseball season, from February 28 to March 30, future Hall of Famers Sandy Koufax and Don Drysdale, star pitchers for the Los Angeles Dodgers, staged a joint holdout in which the pair demanded a fair negotiation and better contract terms from their team's front office.

Just before spring training 1966, Koufax and Drysdale made a joint decision to hold out. Koufax, the leader during the holdout, already had previous negotiation difficulties with the Dodgers and was tired of being used against his teammates, particularly Drysdale. After learning that Buzzie Bavasi, the general manager of the Dodgers, had used the same tactic with Drysdale, the pair hired Koufax's business manager, J. William Hayes, as their agent and told the Dodgers they would negotiate only through him.

The Dodgers engaged in a publicity war against Koufax and Drysdale, attempting to divide them or paint them as greedy and selfish. Meanwhile, the pitchers took advice from Hayes and did not engage with the press. Hayes, meanwhile, prepared for a lawsuit challenging the reserve clause based on an old California case law. The possibility of such a lawsuit reportedly unnerved the Dodgers' front office who soften their stance. Within the pair, Drysdale also felt he could not holdout indefinitely. Hence, after thirty-two days, the holdout came to an end.

The joint holdout was the first significant event in baseball's labor movement and the first time major league players had challenged the absolute stronghold the owners held in baseball in the era before

In the pre-free agency era, Major League Baseball owners had full control over a player's agency via the reserve clause. Once a player had signed with a major league team, that team "owned" the player for the duration of their stay. A player was not allowed to negotiate via a third-party (i.e. an agent) and if they did not accept a salary offered by the team, they had no other option but to threaten to quit. Within the Los Angeles Dodgers, the front office under Walter O'Malley was particularly tough, with a strict policy of negotiating with directly with the player themselves.^[1]

Buzzie Bavasi, the general manager of the Dodgers, was known for his deceptive methods of negotiating a contract. He prided himself in giving as little salary to a player as possible. Amongst his methods was, during a negotiation with a player, leaving a fake contract for a star player on his desk and leaving the room for a while. The player, noticing the lesser salary the star player was getting compared to what they was asking, would often lower the salary he wanted.^[2]

Koufax's 1964 salary dispute

The relationship between

During the negotiations, Koufax asked for an attendance clause where he would make a percentage of the profit from ticket sales as a starting point to negotiate from, noting that he was the Dodgers' top draw. However, Bavasi noted that Koufax had not led the league in innings pitched and hence, in his mind, he did not warrant a raise so big. This infuriated Koufax who had led the league in most pitching categories and had pitched the third-most innings despite the fact that his arm had been hurting.^[4]

After holding out and after days of tense negotiations, Koufax finally came down to $70,000 and signed with the Dodgers just before the team was to leave for

Koufax suspected that someone from the club's front office had leaked the story. During the first week of spring training, still angered and embarrassed by the way he had been treated, he approached Shirley Povich of The Washington Post, Milton Gross of the New York Post, and Joe Reichler of the Associated Press and told them his side of the story which, due to Koufax's normal quiet nature, caused a media frenzy. Eventually, Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley and Bavasi both talked Koufax down to letting the issue go. While he did, Koufax's relationship with the front office and ownership never fully recovered.^[7]

Relationship between Koufax and Drysdale

In contrast, Don Drysdale had an uncommonly close relationship with Bavasi who referred to him as "Donald". In 1964, he received a higher salary than Koufax had without any resistance or animosity from the team's front office despite his numbers having dropped from the previous season. The Dodgers also promoted Drysdale as the face of the Dodgers despite Koufax being statistically better than his teammate due, in part, to Drysdale fitting the "All-American" image the team promoted and also being a California native.^[8] The team also played the two players against each other in negotiations and in the press, attempting to create tension and divide between them.^[1]

Before Koufax reached his potential, Drysdale had been the ace of the pitching staff and was favored by manager

After his meeting with Bavasi, Koufax met Drysdale and his wife Ginger for dinner, still irritated at Bavasi for using his own teammate against him in the salary negotiations. Drysdale responded that Bavasi had done the same thing with him.[11] The two compared notes on their separate negotiations, and realized that the Dodgers' GM had been playing one pitcher against the other. Ginger Drysdale, who had previously worked as a model and actress and was once a member of the Screen Actors Guild, suggested to the pair that they negotiate together in order to get what they wanted. Hence, in January 1966, the pair informed the Dodgers of their decision to hold out together.^[12][13]

In a highly unusual move for the time, they were represented by entertainment lawyer J. William Hayes, Koufax's business manager. Also unusual was their demand of $1 million (equivalent to $9.4 million in 2023), divided equally over the next three years, or $167,000 (equivalent to $1.57 million in 2023) each for each of the next three seasons. They told Bavasi that they would negotiate their contracts as one unit and through their agent. The Dodgers refused to talk to Hayes, however, stating it was against their policy.

A stalemate ensued; Koufax and Drysdale held firm and did not report to spring training in February 1966. Instead, both signed to appear in the movie Warning Shot, starring David Janssen, in case the holdout extended into the season. Additionally, Koufax had signed a book deal to write his autobiography, Koufax, with author Ed Linn which, according to Linn, the usually private star only agreed to do as a safety net.^[13]

The Dodgers began to wage a public relations campaign against their players and, as a result, press coverage of the holdout as well as public opinion was largely on the side of the owners and the establishment. In his 1966 autobiography, Koufax wrote that he was discouraged by the reception he and Drysdale got from a large segment of the fan base during the holdout:

It was astonishing to me to learn that there were a remarkably large number of American citizens who truly did not believe we had the moral right to quit rather than work at a salary we felt — rightly or wrongly — to be less than we deserved... Just take what the nice man wants to give you, get into your uniform, and go a fast 25 laps around the field.^[1]

In contrast to the front office, both players agreed to stay clear of the press or making statements during the holdout and to keep as low a profile as possible. Drysdale recalled in his autobiography that they would "add no fuel to the fire whatsoever".^[14]

According to Drysdale, former teammates such as Johnny Podres would call on occasion and urge the players to set aside their differences and come to spring training which they suspected was due to Bavasi putting them up to it. At one point, O'Malley threatened to trade the players when the suggestion came up that they might talk to other teams.^[15]

When the holdout began, O'Malley explained his opposition to negotiating with via a third party: "I admire the boys' strategy and we can't do without them, even for a little while. We're lacking too much. But we can't give in to them. There are too many agents hanging around Hollywood looking for clients." He hinted that other owners were also unnerved by the holdout and saw it as a test against the owners' stronghold on baseball at the time.^[16] O'Malley also said that, "Those two boys are splendid fellows, but once you sign two players as an entry, what is to stop the entire team from negotiating on a collective basis?"^[17]

End of holdout

Hayes, meanwhile, unearthed a state law which made it illegal to extend personal service contracts in California beyond seven years, a law which resulted from the case of

Actor and former baseball player Chuck Connors helped arrange a meeting between Bavasi and the two pitchers. Koufax gave Drysdale the go-ahead to negotiate new deals on behalf of both of them, saying to his teammate, "If you're happy then I'm happy." At the end of the thirty-two day holdout, Koufax signed for $125,000 (equivalent to $1.17 million in 2023) and Drysdale for $110,000 (equivalent to $1,033,000 in 2023).^[13][18] The deal made Koufax the highest paid player in Major League Baseball for 1966.^[19]

When the end of the holdout and the signings were announced in a press conference at Dodger Stadium, the front office notably made it clear that the two pitchers were signed individually, were being paid different salaries, and that they were not represented by an agent. Upon signing with the Dodgers, Koufax jokingly remarked, "Thank god I don’t have to act in that movie!"^[13] Drysdale, on his part, would later admit to being relieved as he had a wife and daughter to care for and couldn't afford to hold out indefinitely.^[15]

Aftermath

The holdout and long layoff ended up badly affecting Drysdale's performance during the 1966 season. He went 13–16 on the year with an

The Los Angeles Dodgers went on to win the pennant after a tight pennant race but lost the World Series in four straight against the Baltimore Orioles, with Drysdale losing Games 1 and 4 and Koufax losing Game 2 due to lack offence and bad defensive play behind them.^[21]

Koufax announced his retirement a few weeks after the end of the World Series, citing the chronic pain in his pitching arm as the reason. Notably, he refused Buzzie Bavasi's request to delay his announcement in order to facilitate a few trade deals in favor of the Dodgers or at least wait until owner Walter O'Malley returned from the Dodgers' trip to Japan. As a result, during the press conference in the Beverly Wilshire Hotel, nobody from the Dodgers was present.^[22]

In a Sports Illustrated story from May 1967, Bavasi would brush off the holdout as nothing more than a publicity stunt, saying that "since one of the two was the greatest pitcher I've ever seen (and possibly the greatest anybody has ever seen), the gimmick worked." He also notably downplayed the pain in which Koufax had pitched with during the last years of his career: "Sandy did not suffer agonizing pain while he was pitching, and he never said he did, either." and criticized him for how he chose to retire.^[23]

Legacy

The holdout is noted to be the first significant event in baseball's labor movement and the first time major league players had challenged the absolute stronghold the owners held in baseball at the time. That same year, trade unionist Marvin Miller used the Koufax–Drysdale holdout as an argument for collective bargaining while campaigning for players' votes during spring training; he would be soon be elected by the players as first executive director of the Major League Baseball Players Association.^[24]

In 1968, when the MLBPA was negotiating their first

• U.S. Supreme Court case in which MLB player and plaintiff Curt Flood challenged the reserve clause
  .
• free agency
  .