Lê Chiêu Thống
Chiêu Thống Emperor 昭統帝 | |||||||||||||
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Thanh Hoa, Việt Nam | |||||||||||||
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House | Lê dynasty | ||||||||||||
Father | Lê Duy Vĩ | ||||||||||||
Mother | Empress Dowager Mẫn |
Reign name | |
Vietnamese alphabet | Lê Chiêu Thống |
---|---|
Chữ Hán | 黎昭統 |
Personal name | |
Vietnamese alphabet | Lê Duy Kỳ |
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Chữ Hán | 黎維祁 |
Lê Chiêu Thống (1765–1793), born Lê Duy Khiêm and later Lê Duy Kỳ, was the last emperor of the Vietnamese Later Lê dynasty. He was overthrown by the Tây Sơn dynasty. He appealed to the Qing dynasty of China to help regain the throne but failed after losing the Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa. Afterwards, he no longer received support from the Qing Qianlong Emperor, relatives of the Later Lê imperial family were imprisoned in Vietnam, and he died in China. Furthermore, the Qianlong emperor banished the remaining members of the Lê family to border regions of the Qing dynasty such as Xinjiang and Heilongjiang.
Early life
Lê Duy Khiêm was the eldest son of Lê Duy Vĩ who was the first crown prince of emperor Lê Hiển Tông.[1] After Khiêm's father was killed by the ninth Trịnh lord Trịnh Sâm in 1771, he was jailed.[1] In 1783, lord Trịnh Khải deposed crown prince Lê Duy Cận and made Lê Duy Khiêm crown prince of the Lê dynasty.[1]
Succession and reign
In 1786, the
Birth name | |
Vietnamese alphabet | Lê Duy Khiêm |
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Chữ Hán | 黎維 |
After learning about actions of Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh, Nguyễn Huệ sent north a general named
The actions of Lê Chiêu Thống and the Qing invasion gave Nguyễn Huệ a good chance to officially take the throne and gain popularity among northern Vietnamese people. On 22 December 1788, Nguyễn Huệ proclaimed himself emperor Quang Trung and formally declared that the Lê dynasty had ended. He then led an army march north.[6] Although the Tây Sơn army was smaller, they defeated the unprepared Qing troops in a series of battles during the 1789 Lunar New Year celebration and forced the rest of Qing army to flee in confusion.[8][9] Lê Chiêu Thống fled to China which marked the end of the Lê dynasty.[8]
Lê Chiêu Thống and high ranking Lê loyalists fled Vietnam for asylum in Qing China and went to
Exile and death
After the war, Nguyễn Huệ sent a request of recognition to China and it was accepted with conditions.[14] The Qing Empire recognized Nguyễn Huệ as a new ruler of Vietnam and gave him the traditional title "An Nam Quốc Vương" (King of An Nam).[14] From this point on, Lê Chiêu Thống did not receive any more support from the Qing Empire of China.[15] He spent the rest of his life in China, and died in 1793.[15]
In 1802, when envoys of the Nguyễn dynasty visited China, Lê dynasty loyalists requested that the Jiaqing Emperor let them bring Lê Chiêu Thống's remains back to Vietnam and the emperor agreed.[15] The Jiaqing Emperor also freed all the followers of Lê Chiêu Thống who were imprisoned in China.[15]
Lê Chiêu Thống's remains are buried in Bàn Thạch village, Thanh Hóa, Vietnam.[15] He was posthumously given the title Mẫn Đế (愍帝).
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d Dang Viet Thuy & Dang Thanh Trung, p. 248.
- ^ a b c d e f g Tucker, pp. 17-18.
- ^ a b c d Chapuis, p. 151.
- ^ Trần Trọng Kim, pp. 356-357.
- ^ Dutton, p. 104.
- ^ a b c Dutton, pp. 106-107.
- ^ a b Chapuis, p. 154.
- ^ a b Ooi, p. 780.
- ^ Dutton, p. 107.
- ISBN 978-9004282483.
- ^ Annam and its Minor Currency, chapter 16.
- ^ Thái Mỹ (24 April 2019). "Con trai vua Lê Thế Tông ở đất Thanh Châu" (in Vietnamese).
- ^ Lê Tiên Long (9 December 2018). "After Minh Mang reigned Nguyen Dynasty, why he deported Le royal descendants to the Southern Vietnam?" (in Vietnamese).
- ^ a b Dutton, p. 108.
- ^ a b c d e Trần Trọng Kim, pp. 372-373.
Bibliography
- Dang Viet Thuy; Dang Thanh Trung (2008). 54 vị Hoàng đế Việt Nam (54 Emperors of Vietnam) (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Quan Doi Nhan Dan Publishing House.
- Trần Trọng Kim (2005). Việt Nam sử lược (A Brief History of Vietnam) (in Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City: Ho Chi Minh City General Publishing House.
- Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-29622-7.
- Tucker, Spencer (1999). Vietnam. Lexington: ISBN 0-8131-0966-3.
- Dutton, George Edson (2006). The Tây Sơn uprising: society and rebellion in eighteenth-century Vietnam. ISBN 0-8248-2984-0.
- Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-770-5.