Laurent Nkunda
Laurent Nkunda | |
---|---|
Born | Nord-Kivu War (2008) | 2 February 1967
Laurent Nkunda (or Laurent Nkundabatware Mihigo (birth name), or Laurent Nkunda Batware, or as he prefers to be called The Chairman; born February 2, 1967) is a former
Personal life
Nkunda has six children. Before joining the military, Nkunda studied psychology at
Religious beliefs
Nkunda claims to be a Seventh-day Adventist minister,[6] he is really a Pentecostal Christian.[7] He says that most of his troops have converted.[8] In the 2008 documentary Blood Coltan about the real costs of mobile phones, Nkunda proudly shows a button he wears that reads "Rebels for Christ." He also claims to receive help and guidance from American "Rebels for Christ" who visit the Congo spreading Pentecostal Christianity.[9][10] The Seventh-day Adventist Church has denied Nkunda's claims of being a pastor and member of the church. At times he has visited the church.[11]
Political and military career
Rwandan Genocide 1994–1995
During the
First Congo War 1996–1998
After the RPF defeated the FAR to become the new
Second Congo War 2000–2003
At the outset of the
Army career and rebellion 2007
In 2003, with the official end to war, Nkunda joined the new integrated national army of the
Forming a government
In August 2007, the area under Nkunda's control lay north of Lake Kivu in Nord-Kivu in the territories of Masisi and Rutshuru. In this area, Nkunda established his headquarters by building necessary infrastructure and developing institutions of order. He established a political organisation known as the National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP).
2008 Nord-Kivu fighting
In fighting that began on 27 October 2008, known as the 2008 Nord-Kivu fighting, Nkunda led
The fighting uprooted 200,000 civilians, bringing the total number of people displaced by the Kivu conflict to 2 million,[15] causing civil unrest[16] large food shortages[15] and what the United Nations calls "a humanitarian crisis of catastrophic dimensions."[17]
In an interview with the
Human rights
Throughout the years Nkunda has come under scrutiny and been accused by a number of organizations of committing human rights abuses. Nkunda was indicted by the Congolese government for war crimes in September 2005.[13]
According to human rights monitors such as
In May 2002, he was accused of massacring 160 people in Kisangani, prompting UN Human Rights Commissioner Mary Robinson to call for his arrest following the abduction and beating of two UN investigators by his troops.[13] He has claimed that the UN have ignored the widespread attacks on Tutsis in the region as they did during the Rwandan genocide in 1994.
Child soldiers
The
Possible ouster
Nkunda may have been usurped in leadership by fellow general Bosco Ntaganda, who became the new representative of the group. The two might have had a falling out over a massacre of civilians perpetrated by Ntaganda's forces.[23]
Capture and arrest
Nkunda was arrested on 22 January 2009 after he had crossed into Rwanda. After unsuccessfully attempting to defeat the CNDP militarily, Congolese president Kabila made a deal with
On 26 March 2010, the
References
- ^ McConnell, Tristan (2008-11-01). "Congo's maverick warlord who kills in the name of Christianity". The Times. London. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
- ^ Nienaber, Georgianne (20 January 2012). "What Happened to Congolese General Laurent Nkunda?". HuffPost. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
- ^ a b BBC News. Rwanda arrests Congo rebel leader. 23 January 2009
- ^ "Who is Laurent Nkunda?". Radio France Internationale. 2008-11-14. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- ^ "For Tutsis of Eastern Congo, Protector, Exploiter or Both?" by Stephanie McCrummen, The Washington Post, August 6, 2007
- ^ Baldauf, Scott (14 November 2008). "What does Congo's Gen. Nkunda want?". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
- ^ In the news: Laurent Nkunda The New Times Retrieved October 25, 2018
- ^ "Dinner With A Warlord." New York Times, June 18, 2007.
- ^ "Blood Coltan" "Blood Coltan", Interview with alias clayvonsebon at 25:00 mins
- ^ "Rebels for Christ, Killing in the Name of God" "Rebels for Christ, Two for the Road, New York Times Blog June 21, 2007"
- ^ 33CN: Adventists Deny Rebel Leader's Claim Affiliation Adventist Review Retrieved October 25, 2018
- ^ a b "We are ready for war, rebels warn Kabila" Archived 2006-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, August 3, 2006
- ^ a b c "Arrest Laurent Nkunda For War Crimes", Human Rights Watch, February 1, 2006
- ^ Faul, Michelle (October 29, 2008). "Congolese army claims attack by Rwandan troops". Associated Press.
- ^ a b "U.N. says recent Congo fighting uproots 200,000". CNN. 2008-10-27. Archived from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ "Protesters attack U.N. HQ in eastern Congo". CNN. 2008-10-24. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ "Congo rebels 'cease fire' as UN urges restraint". Financial Times. 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ^ "Talk or go, DR Congo rebel warns". BBC. 2008-11-10. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
- ^ Refugees International website. Retrieved 5 September 2007. Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Rise in recruitment of child soldiers in DRC." Archived 2007-10-23 at the Wayback Machine The Wire, Amnesty International's monthly magazine, June 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
- ^ Section, United Nations News Service (14 December 2007). "UN News – DR Congo: UN mission says recruitment of child soldiers is surging". Retrieved 10 July 2016.
- ^ NBC's Interview with Gen. Laurent Nkunda of the Congo, Pt2. BBC. 2008-10-31. Archived from the original on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
- ^ Baldauf, Scott (22 January 2009). "Will Rwandan troops help in Congo?". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
- ^ "DRC: Civilians at risk from further fighting after Nkunda arrest", IRIN, 26 January 2009 (accessed 23 February 2009)
- ^ "Rebel leader General Nkunda arrested". The Zim Daily. 2009-01-23. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ "Congo, rebel leader Nkunda arrested". Africa Times. 2009-01-23. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ "Congo's Nkunda arrested in Rwanda". RTÉ. 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ "Congo rebel leader Nkunda arrested". el Economista. 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2009-01-23. and "Congo rebel leader Nkunda arrested in Rwanda". Khaleej Times. 2009-01-23. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ "Nkunda, Laurent". The Hague Justice Portal. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
- ^ "Nkunda's Case Not Easy, Says Rwanda". Daily Nation on the Web. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
Further reading
- Stewart Andrew Scott. Laurent Nkunda et la rébellion du Kivu : au coeur de la guerre congolaise. Paris : Karthala, (2008). ISBN 9782811100872
- Miller, Eric: "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma," 2010. ISBN 978-3-8383-4027-2
- WOLTERS, S., 2007. Trouble in Eastern DRC: The Nkunda Factor. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies
External links
- Encounter with A Rebel Leader by David McDougall, CBC News, November 17, 2008
- Interview with Radio France Internationale, October 2008 (in English)
- Interview with Sunday Monitor, November 2008
- Map of the region controlled by L. Nkunda
- Days after General Nkunda's arrest, doubts and disbelief reign in Rwanda by Josh Kron, Nation, February 4, 2009