Lei tai

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Lei tai
Hanyu Pinyin
lèitái, léitái
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingleoi4 toi4

The lei tai is an elevated fighting arena, without railings, where often fatal weapons and bare-knuckle martial arts tournaments were once held. "Sanctioned" matches were presided over by a referee on the platform and judges on the sides. Participants would lose if they surrendered, were incapacitated, or were thrown or otherwise forced from the stage. The winner would remain on the stage (as its "owner") unless ousted by a stronger opponent. If there were no more challengers, they would become the champion. Private duels on the stage had no rules and were sometimes fought to the death.

The lei tai first appeared in

Kuoshu[5]
competitions throughout the world.

Etymology

According to Kung Fu Magazine, the Chinese character '

Wade-Giles superscript number system, Lei tai is pronounced Leui4 Toi4. A common English rendering of this is "Lui Toi or Loey Toy".[9]
Da lei tai is pronounced Da1 leui4 toi4 or Da2 leui4 toi4.

The Chinese military once used a Zhong Jun Lei Gu Tai (中军擂鼓台 – "Central Military Drum Beating Platform") to drum out commands on the battlefield and to tell time in the capital city.

Three kingdoms general Zhang Fei used a "drum beating platform" to teach his soldiers troop movements.[12]
It is possible that the lei tai received its name from this type of platform, since a superior fighter might "beat" his opponent like a drum.

Dimensions

The fighting area is square, but its exact size varies from source to source.

History (prior to 1928)

In

Shuai Jiao exhibition matches and private duels.[2] According to the Chinese Kuoshu Institute (UK), an ancestor of the lei tai was used during the Qin dynasty to hold Jiao Li wrestling competitions between imperial soldiers. The winner would be chosen to act as a bodyguard to the emperor or a martial arts instructor for the Imperial Military.[3]

According to

Fearless, when Jet Li's character challenges another warrior to a fight. The book Ultimate Sparring: Principles & Practices comments, "martial artists conducted 'Challenge matches' [on the lei tai] to test each other's skills, because of a personal dispute, or to prove one martial system's superiority over another system."[21] Either fighter lost the match and his credibility if he fell, was forced off or was knocked to the floor of the stage. As a result, no one would want to learn boxing from him. The winner of the bout became the "owner of the platform" and remained on stage unless he was forced off himself.[22]
If there were no more challengers, he became the champion and or established the dominance of his style in that area. Another way was to defeat an already established master on the lei tai and then take over his school.

In order to become a champion, a fighter had to defeat countless opponents. For instance,

Hop Gar Grandmaster David Chin, "Either the challenger was maimed or killed. Wong never let one challenger leave his school without injury. He was a master of using the technique of cruelty."[23] Shortly afterwards, he was elected as the leader of the Ten Tigers of Canton, who were the top ten kung fu men in Guangdong.[23][24] Eighteenth generation Chen-style tai chi Grandmaster Chen Zhaopi, third nephew of Chen Fake, set up a platform by Beijing's "Xuan Wu Men" city gate after an unauthorized article claiming the superiority of Chen-style tai chi appeared in the Beijing Times, causing many martial artists to challenge his skills. Over the course of 17 days, he defeated over 200 people and made many friends.[25][26]
If these examples are followed, it took a fighter anywhere from 17 to 18 days and 150–200 plus consecutive wins to establish their style's dominance in that area.

All weapons and boxing matches were conducted without protective gear like the

Internal martial arts
. Because Ha dealt in prostitution, gambling, and drugs, Leng challenged Ha to a lei tai bout to halt the expansion of his criminal territory. Ha accepted the challenge and agreed to leave the area if he lost.

Ha had previously heard of Master Leng's ability to tear at the flesh of his opponents with his bare hands, so he wrapped his torso with a leather strap prior to the fight. Both men met on the lei tai some time later and signed a contract that stated the fight could end in death. The crowd watched as both initiated combat. After a few moments, Leng (apparently seeing the leather straps through his ripped clothing) bypassed Ha's armor by forcing his hand down from the top of the wrap and tore out the triad boss'

bowels. When Ha fell dead to the stage, his men tried attacking Leng to exact revenge, but the local police quickly arrested Leng to protect him. He was eventually set free.[27]

However, the railless architecture of the lei tai allowed a fighter to escape serious injury if they faced a more powerful opponent. All they had to do was leap down from the stage. This constituted a loss, but the boxer lived to fight another day.

Nationalist government banned the old traditions of private duels on the lei tai in 1928 because too many people were dying.[7]

Modern day (1928 to present)

National boxing competitions

In order to screen the best practitioners for teaching positions at the newly founded Central Guoshu Institute, and in the provincial schools, Generals Zhang Zhi Jiang (张之江) (1882–1966), Li Liejun (1882–1946) and Li Jinglin (1885–1931) held the first modern full contact, national competition in October 1928. Many traditional masters did not compete because they believed their skills could only be proven in serious duels and not "sporting" contests. However, the event attracted hundreds of the best Chinese martial artists who participated in boxing, weapons and wrestling in a lei tai ring format. But after the first several days, the fighting competitions had to be halted because two masters were killed and many more seriously injured. The final 12 contestants were not permitted to continue for fear of killing off some of the greatest masters of the time. The overall winner was voted on by a jury of his peers. Many of the "Top 15" finishers (some being Xingyi boxers) went on to teach at the institute.[28]

In 1929, the governor of

Five tigers heading south of Jiangnan
"):

In 1933, the institute again hosted the national competition. The rules said, "...if death occurs as a result of boxing injuries and fights, the coffin with a body of the deceased will be sent home."[29] Winners of this contest include:

Kuoshu (lei tai full-contact fighting)

Differing mainly in regulations, such as Kuoshu's allowing competitors to strike the same place twice, kuoshu and sanshou are examples of how popular the overall concept of full-contact kung fu has become. Though a few see a stringent dividing line between the sports, some such as Anthony Goh, president of the United States of America Wushu Kungfu Federation, see less contrast. "The rules will always be slightly different," says Goh, but "the various names all mean the same thing."

Others see the distinction as primarily historical. Huang Chien Liang, president of the United States Kuoshu Federation and The World Kuoshu Federation, notes that "Kuoshu has another meaning as 'national art.' In 1928, the Central Kuoshu Academy was formed, and they sponsored a full-contact tournament, but when the Chinese Communist Party took over China, the Nationalist government moved to Taiwan, where, in 1955, they held a full-contact tournament, calling it lei tai. At that time, they used the original rules; no protection, and no weight class – whatever number you picked up, you fought together.[31]

In 1975, Taiwan sponsored the first World Kuoshu Championship Tournament, and started to have weight class division. The second tournament also took place in Taiwan and was won by Peter Ralston, the first non-Asian to do so.[32] The current president of the United States Kuo Shou Federation Huang Chien-Liang brought six of his students as a team to the 3rd World Kuoshu Championship tournament in Hawaii in 1980. This world tournament, sponsored and organized by an international Kuoshu federation in Taiwan, featured top Chinese stylists from around the world. Although they were nervous about the competition, Huang's students performed surprisingly well. They captured top placing in several divisions, including forms and full contact fighting. In total, they took home six trophies.[33] In 1986, Huang assembled another team to participate in the 5th World Kuoshu Championship. Huang served as Head Coach of the U.S. team.[33] The 6th Championship took place in 1989[34] So by 1992, Taiwan had already sponsored seven Kuoshu lei tai fighting events.

Meanwhile, in China, "Kuoshu had been oppressed during the Cultural Revolution," notes president Huang, "and martial arts was then allowed only for performance until 1979, when wushu was allowed to include self-defense, so practitioners began writing the rules for the Sanshou Wushu tournaments, and the Communist government held a tournament called Sanshou."

Confirming the common direction of Kuoshu and Sanshou toward safety, however, president Huang approves of the rules changes in full-contact kung fu. "In 1986, at the fifth world tournament in Taiwan, they had a separate weight class, but still no protection. So many people suffered a broken nose and other injuries." As a result, the International Kuoshu Federation decided to change the rules. "So since 1988, the new rules apply."[31]

Sanshou / Sanda

Main article:
Sanshou

As previously stated, martial arts were only allowed for performance purposes until 1979. But in March of that year, the Zhejiang Provincial Sports Training Center, Beijing Physical Education University (former Beijing Physical Education Institute), and Wuhan Physical Education College were convened by the government-appointed China National Sport Committee (CNSC) to transform

Sanshou
into a competitive sport. By October, the first three Sanshou teams were created from fighters chosen from the aforementioned wushu colleges. Even more teams were gathered in May 1980.

The first official Sanshou rules were drafted in January 1982 when the CNSC convened the National Sanshou Competition Rules Conference in Beijing. Six teams consisting of the Shandong, Hebei and Guangdong provincial teams, the Beijing Physical Education University and City teams and the Wuhan Physical Education College team were summoned to the conference to help formulate the regulations and points system of the sport. Ten months later, the very first Sanshou competition was held in November 1982. The original fighting area was a nine-meter diameter open circle, but it was later changed to a traditional square lei tai.[35]

According to Shuai Jiao Grandmaster Liang Shou Yu, "In the past, San Shou competition was held on the Lei Tai, a 24 x 24-foot (7.3 m) platform 5 feet (1.5 m) high. Victory was decided when an opponent was thrown off the Lei Tai or knocked to the floor. Therefore, Shuai Jiao is an important part of San Shou fighting. A martial artist without any Shuai Jiao skills would not easily survive a San Shou match."[18]

Kung Fu Magazine states just throwing someone off the lei tai in a Sanshou match is 3 points, which is "the [points] equivalent of a spinning hook kick to the head, or a perfect foot sweep."[20]

(For Kuoshu and Sanshou competition rules, see "Rule Books" in External links below.)

Water lei tai

The city of Taizhou, Zhejiang hosted the first "On Water Contest of the 'Liqun Cup' International Traditional Wushu and Unique Feats Tournament" from May 22–26, 1999. It was here that 24 countries and 28 Chinese national teams, over a thousand competitors in all, gathered to test their skills against each other.

The water lei tai was held on the afternoon of the second day of competition (May 23). There were five divisions and it was the most attended event of the tournament. The event was made more difficult when it rained just prior to the matches, making the fighting surface very slippery. Also fighters were restricted to minimal safety equipment, only gloves and shorts. The defeated, who fell or was forced off the stage, landed in water. To improve safety, the lei tai was a meter shorter than a standard one, which lessened the impact and allowed assistants to quickly jump in the pool to rescue any fighter who might have been unconscious. No serious injuries were recorded during this event.[7]

There have been more water lei tai's held since this event. In March 2004, the 9th International Chinese Kuoshu Federation (ICKF) World Championship hosted the 3rd water lei tai. The tournament venue was Aquatic Training Centre, Tainan Canal,

Tainan, Taiwan. This was the first International event hosted by the ICKF to be held entirely on water.[36]

Strategy

Kung Fu Magazine states the lei tai's railless architecture does not allow a fighter to trap an opponent in the turnbuckle, so the fighting strategy shifts away from power boxing to more evasive "circling" maneuvers. Nor can a fighter just rush their adversary. A quick redirection will send a charging opponent off the stage. And falling off can hurt, so fighters must deal with an added psychological factor when they approach the edge. Like Japanese sumo, a fighter must stand their ground. Falling out-of-bounds constitutes a loss.[7]

Sparring benefits

According to the Swiss Open Kusohu Tournament, lei tai permits the kung fu student to show their understanding of the techniques, moves, rooting, breathing and control of character (i.e. anger). Kung fu together with lei tai trains the

taolu ("Forms"). With lei tai a student receives personal feedback on their strengths and weaknesses.[13]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b Brownell, Susan Elaine (1990). The olympic movement on its way into Chinese culture. University of California, Santa Barbara. pp. 29, 63. In both ancient China and Greece, the most popular sports were probably wrestling, boxing, and combinations thereof (Greek pankration, Chinese leitai). The same might be argued for ancient Egypt, India and Japan. [...] In both ancient China and Greece, the no-holds-barred combat sport (Greek pankration, Chinese leitai) was probably the most popular one.
  2. ^ a b [1] Archived September 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b "History". Kuoshu.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  4. ^ "San Shou Rules". Ikfkickboxing.com. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  5. ^ [2] Archived December 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ 教育部簡編國語辭典修訂本. 【擂臺】 注音 ㄌㄟˊ ㄊㄞˊ 漢語拼音 léi tái
  7. ^ a b c d e [3] Archived March 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ "Easysea.com search". Retrieved September 26, 2006.[dead link‍]
  9. ^ "The Kung Fu Glossary". Archived from the original on November 6, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  10. ^ "Xian Travel". Chinaforgroups.com. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  11. ^ "WAR GU (Chinese war drum)". people.com.cn.
  12. ^ "Welcome to Yangtze River". Archived from the original on October 9, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
  13. ^ a b c d "all about Leitai". Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  14. ^ "The Toughest Tournament In The World". Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  15. ^ "Kungfu – Supply Nine Suns Mountain Sanda Leitai". kungfusupply.nl. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
  16. ^ "蜗牛游戏". iwuf.org. Archived from the original on 2006-12-13.
  17. ^ "Lei Tai (Full Contact Demonstration) Rules 2005". Archived from the original on February 19, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  18. ^
    ISBN 1-886969-49-3
    )
  19. ISBN 0760316821
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  20. ^ a b Herb Borkland. "Salute to Wushu". Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  21. ISBN 1-932045-08-2
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  22. ^ "Official Website of the Chinese Olympic Committee". Olympic.cn. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  23. ^ a b "Welcome to KungFuMagazine". Kungfumagazine.com. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  24. ^ "The Lama Style". Liuhopafa.com. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  25. ^ "Chenstyle.com". Archived from the original on 2016-01-17. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  26. ISBN 1556433778
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  27. ISBN 3833428589
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  28. ^
    ISBN 0-86568-020-5
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  29. ^ Xiao Mingkui. "Origins and the development of Praying Mantis Boxing". Translated by Ilya Profatilov. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  30. ^ "Chang Tung Sheng". Archived from the original on September 12, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  31. ^ a b "Welcome to KungFuMagazine". Kungfumagazine.com. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  32. ^ "The Man Behind Bloodsport?". Retrieved 2015-12-15.
  33. ^ a b "The Three Paths Of Grandmaster Huang, Chien-Liang: What Will The Next 30 Years Bring?". Retrieved 2015-12-15.
  34. ^ "Master And Commander: Taiwan's Chang, Fu Chen". Retrieved 2015-12-15.
  35. ^ Li, Yongqian. "A Brief History of Sanshou". Archived from the original on August 24, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  36. ^ "NEWS". mweb.co.za.
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