Beijing

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Coordinates: 39°54′24″N 116°23′51″E / 39.90667°N 116.39750°E / 39.90667; 116.39750
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"Peking" redirects here. For other uses, see Beijing (disambiguation) and Peking (disambiguation).

Beijing
北京
Peking
CN¥ 4,376 billion (13th
)
US$ 621 billion
 • Per capitaCN¥ 200,273 (1st)
US$ 28,421
License plate
prefixes		京A, C, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q
京B (taxis)
京G, Y (outside urban area)
京O, D (police and authorities)
Abbreviation
  • BJ / 京 (jīng)
Chinese arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis)
Pagoda tree
(Styphnolobium japonicum)
Beijing
Hanyu Pinyin
Běijīng
BUC
Báe̤k-gĭng

Beijing,

Hebei Province and neighbors Tianjin to the southeast; together, the three divisions form the Jing-Jin-Ji cluster.[14] It is ranked as the 10th most important city in the world by Knight Frank.[15]

Beijing is a

second busiest airport in the world (2010–2019).[17] In 2020, the Beijing subway was the fourth busiest and second longest in the world.[18] The Beijing Daxing International Airport, Beijing's second international airport, is the largest single-structure airport terminal in the world.[19][20] The city has hosted numerous international and national sporting events, the most notable being the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Paralympics Games. In 2022, Beijing became the first city ever to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics,[21] and also the Summer and Winter Paralympics.[22]

Beijing combines both modern and traditional style

Great Wall and the Grand Canal—all of which are popular tourist locations.[28] Siheyuans, the city's traditional housing style, and hutongs
, the narrow alleys between siheyuans, are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing.

Beijing CBD is a center for Beijing's economic expansion, with the ongoing or recently completed construction of multiple skyscrapers. Beijing's Zhongguancun area is a world leading center of scientific and technological innovation as well as entrepreneurship. Beijing has been ranked the city with the largest scientific research output by the Nature Index since the list's inception in 2016.[35][36] Beijing hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many organizations, including the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Silk Road Fund, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Central Academy of Fine Arts, the Central Academy of Drama, the Central Conservatory of Music, and the Red Cross Society of China
.

Etymology

Main article: Names of Beijing

Over the past 3,000 years, the city of Beijing has had

Standard Mandarin. An older English spelling, Peking, was used by Jesuit missionary Martino Martini in a popular atlas published in Amsterdam in 1655.[38] Although Peking is no longer the common name for the city, some of the city's older locations and facilities, such as Beijing Capital International Airport, with the IATA code PEK, and Peking University
, still retain the former romanization.

The single Chinese character abbreviation for Beijing is 京, which appears on automobile license plates in the city. The official Latin alphabet abbreviation for Beijing is "BJ".[39]

History

Main article: History of Beijing

Early history

The earliest traces of human habitation in the Peking municipality were found in the caves of

Homo sapiens also lived there more recently, about 27,000 years ago.[40] Archaeologists have found neolithic settlements throughout the municipality, including in Wangfujing
, located in central Peking.

The first

state of Yan and made its capital.[42]

Early Imperial China

Tianning Pagoda, built around 1120 during the Liao dynasty

After the

Western Jin demoted the town, placing the prefectural seat in neighboring Zhuozhou. During the Sixteen Kingdoms period when northern China was conquered and divided by the Wu Hu, Jicheng was briefly the capital of the Xianbei Former Yan Kingdom.[44]

After China was reunified by the

Tianning Pagoda
.

The Liao fell to the

Line 10 subway. Remnants of the Yuan rammed earth wall still stand and are known as the Tucheng.[47]

Ming dynasty

A corner tower of the Forbidden City, built by the Yongle Emperor during the early Ming dynasty

In 1368, soon after declaring the new

Zhu Di, who was created "Prince of Yan".

Overlapping layout of Beijing during the Liao, Jin, Yuan and Ming dynasties

The early death of

Tian'anmen. On 28 October 1420, the city was officially designated the capital of the Ming dynasty in the same year that the Forbidden City was completed.[52] Beijing became the empire's primary capital, and Yingtian, also called Nanjing ("Southern Capital"), became the co-capital. (A 1425 order by Zhu Di's son, the Hongxi Emperor, to return the primary capital to Nanjing was never carried out: he died, probably of a heart attack, the next month. He was buried, like almost every Ming emperor to follow him, in an elaborate necropolis
to Beijing's north.)

By the 15th century, Beijing had essentially taken its current shape. The

Nantang Cathedral was later built upon the same site.[55]

The capture of Beijing by Li Zicheng's peasant army in 1644 ended the dynasty, but he and his Shun court abandoned the city without a fight when the Manchu army of Prince Dorgon arrived 40 days later.

Qing dynasty

Summer Palace, one of several palatial gardens built by Qing emperors in the northwest suburb area

Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Northwest of the city, Qing emperors built several large palatial gardens including the Old Summer Palace and the Summer Palace
.

During the

permanent diplomatic presences within the city. From 14 to 15 August 1900 the Battle of Peking was fought. This battle was part of the Boxer Rebellion
. The attempt by the
Chinese Christian converts, led to Beijing's reoccupation by eight foreign powers.[60] During the fighting, several important structures were destroyed, including the Hanlin Academy and the (new) Summer Palace
. A
peace agreement was concluded between the Eight-Nation Alliance and representatives of the Chinese government Li Hongzhang and Yikuang on 7 September 1901. The treaty required China to pay an indemnity of US$335 million (over US$4 billion in current dollars) plus interest over a period of 39 years. Also required was the execution or exile of government supporters of the Boxers and the destruction of Chinese forts and other defenses in much of northern China. Ten days after the treaty was signed the foreign armies left Beijing, although legation guards would remain there until World War II.[61]

With the treaty signed the

Qing dynasty over China was restored, albeit much weakened by the defeat it had suffered in the Boxer Rebellion and by the indemnity and stipulations of the peace treaty.[62]
The Dowager died in 1908 and the dynasty imploded in 1911.

Republic of China

A large portrait of Chiang Kai-shek was displayed above Tiananmen after World War II.

The fomenters of the

Northern Expedition, the capital was formally moved to Nanjing in 1928. On 28 June the same year, Beijing's name was returned to Beiping (written at the time as "Peiping").[64][65]

On 7 July 1937, the 29th Army and the Japanese army in China exchanged fire at the

Wang Jingwei government based in Nanjing.[68]

People's Republic of China

Tiananmen during People's Republic of China

In the final phases of the

People's Republic of China from atop Tiananmen. He restored the name of the city, as the new capital, to Beijing,[69] a decision that had been reached by the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
just a few days earlier.

In the 1950s, the city began to expand beyond the old walled city and its surrounding neighborhoods, with heavy industries in

Beijing city wall were torn down in the 1960s to make way for the construction of the Beijing Subway and the 2nd Ring Road
.

During the

Third Plenum of the 11th Party Congress in Beijing under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping reversed the verdicts against victims of the Cultural Revolution and instituted the "policy of reform and opening up".

Since the early 1980s, the urban area of Beijing has expanded greatly with the completion of the 2nd Ring Road in 1981 and the subsequent addition of the

Summer Olympics.[78]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Beijing

Beijing is situated at the northern tip of the roughly triangular

Huairou District, are dominated by the Jundu Mountains, while the western part is framed by Xishan or the Western Hills. The Great Wall of China across the northern part of Beijing Municipality was built on the rugged topography to defend against nomadic incursions from the steppes. Mount Dongling, in the Western Hills and on the border with Hebei
, is the municipality's highest point, with an altitude of 2,303 metres (7,556 ft).

Major rivers flowing through the municipality, including the

Yangtze River
basin.

The urban area of Beijing, on the plains in the south-central of the municipality with elevation of 40 to 60 metres (130–200 feet), occupies a relatively small but expanding portion of the municipality's area. The city spreads out in concentric

Tian'anmen Square are at the center of Beijing, directly to the south of the Forbidden City, the former residence of the emperors of China. To the west of Tian'anmen is Zhongnanhai, the residence of China's current leaders. Chang'an Avenue
, which cuts between Tiananmen and the Square, forms the city's main east–west axis.

Beijing's pattern of development from the old inner city to its urban fringe are frequently described as "spreading like a pancake" (tan da bing).[79]: 135  This pattern of development is frequently cited as a reason for Beijing's urban problems.[79]: 135 

Climate

Precipitation averages around 528.0 mm (20.8 in) annually (Haidian and Chaoyang has an average annual precipitation of 584.2 mm (23.0 in)), with close to three-quarters of that total falling from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 42% in July to 62% in January and February, the city receives 2,490.5 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −27.4 °C (−17.3 °F) on 22 February 1966 to 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) on 24 July 1999 (unofficial record of 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) was set on 15 June 1942).[81][82]

Climate data for Beijing (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.3
(57.7) 		25.6
(78.1) 		29.5
(85.1) 		33.5
(92.3) 		41.1
(106.0) 		41.1
(106.0) 		41.9
(107.4) 		39.3
(102.7) 		35.2
(95.4) 		31.0
(87.8) 		23.3
(73.9) 		19.5
(67.1) 		41.9
(107.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		6.1
(43.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		27.2
(81.0) 		30.8
(87.4) 		31.8
(89.2) 		30.7
(87.3) 		26.5
(79.7) 		19.3
(66.7) 		10.3
(50.5) 		3.7
(38.7) 		18.6
(65.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.7
(27.1) 		0.6
(33.1) 		7.5
(45.5) 		15.1
(59.2) 		21.3
(70.3) 		25.3
(77.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.1
(79.0) 		21.2
(70.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		5.2
(41.4) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		13.3
(55.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.9
(19.6) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		1.9
(35.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		15.1
(59.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		16.3
(61.3) 		8.8
(47.8) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		8.4
(47.1)
Record low °C (°F) −22.8
(−9.0) 		−27.4
(−17.3) 		−15
(5) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		2.5
(36.5) 		9.8
(49.6) 		15.3
(59.5) 		11.4
(52.5) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−12.3
(9.9) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−27.4
(−17.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 2.2
(0.09) 		5.8
(0.23) 		8.6
(0.34) 		21.7
(0.85) 		36.1
(1.42) 		72.4
(2.85) 		169.7
(6.68) 		113.4
(4.46) 		53.7
(2.11) 		28.7
(1.13) 		13.5
(0.53) 		2.2
(0.09) 		528
(20.78)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.6 2.3 3.0 4.7 6.0 10.0 11.9 10.5 7.1 5.2 2.9 1.6 66.8
Average snowy days 2.8 2.5 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 2.8 11.2
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		43 42 40 43 47 58 69 71 64 58 54 46 53
Mean monthly sunshine hours 188.1 189.1 231.1 243.2 265.1 221.6 190.5 205.3 206.1 199.9 173.4 177.1 2,490.5
Percent possible sunshine 62 62 62 61 59 50 42 49 56 59 59 61 57
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 4 6 8 9 9 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[83][84]
Source 2: Extremes[d] and Weather Atlas[88]

Note

  1. ^ /beɪˈdʒɪŋ/ bay-JING,[7][8] Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng; Mandarin pronunciation: [pèɪ.tɕíŋ] ⓘ
  2. ^ [9] (/piːˈkɪŋ/ pee-KING),[10]
  3. ^ When Europeans first came into sustained contact with China, "Pekin" and "Peking" were the most popular ways of romanizing the name of Beijing.[58][59]
  4. ^ All-time record high;[82] February record high;[85] May record high;[86] June record high[87]
Climate data for Chaoyang District (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.7
(58.5) 		20.4
(68.7) 		29.2
(84.6) 		32.5
(90.5) 		38.7
(101.7) 		39.7
(103.5) 		41.0
(105.8) 		37.4
(99.3) 		34.8
(94.6) 		30.8
(87.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		18.7
(65.7) 		41.0
(105.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		6.2
(43.2) 		13.2
(55.8) 		21.1
(70.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.7
(89.1) 		30.7
(87.3) 		26.4
(79.5) 		19.3
(66.7) 		10.3
(50.5) 		3.7
(38.7) 		18.6
(65.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.0
(26.6) 		0.3
(32.5) 		7.3
(45.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		24.9
(76.8) 		26.8
(80.2) 		25.7
(78.3) 		20.6
(69.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		4.7
(40.5) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		12.9
(55.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −7.5
(18.5) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		1.2
(34.2) 		8.3
(46.9) 		14.3
(57.7) 		19.2
(66.6) 		22.4
(72.3) 		21.3
(70.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		7.7
(45.9) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		7.7
(45.8)
Record low °C (°F) −19.4
(−2.9) 		−17.5
(0.5) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		3.7
(38.7) 		9.3
(48.7) 		14.2
(57.6) 		13.3
(55.9) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		−17.8
(0.0) 		−19.4
(−2.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 2.3
(0.09) 		5.3
(0.21) 		8.1
(0.32) 		22.1
(0.87) 		36.4
(1.43) 		80.8
(3.18) 		183.9
(7.24) 		138.6
(5.46) 		59.5
(2.34) 		29.3
(1.15) 		13.8
(0.54) 		1.9
(0.07) 		582
(22.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.5 2.3 2.8 4.7 5.9 10.1 12.8 10.5 7.3 4.9 2.9 1.7 67.4
Average snowy days 2.7 2.3 1.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.7 2.6 10.6
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		43 42 41 43 49 60 72 73 68 63 57 47 55
Mean monthly sunshine hours 179.1 179.8 222.4 237.6 263.5 219.7 181.5 193.6 201.1 193.3 159.0 164.6 2,395.2
Percent possible sunshine 60 59 60 59 59 49 40 46 54 57 54 57 55
Source: China Meteorological Administration[89][90]
Climate data for Haidian District (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.2
(57.6) 		19.8
(67.6) 		28.7
(83.7) 		33.1
(91.6) 		38.2
(100.8) 		40.1
(104.2) 		41.7
(107.1) 		38.4
(101.1) 		35.2
(95.4) 		30.7
(87.3) 		22.7
(72.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		41.7
(107.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		6.5
(43.7) 		13.4
(56.1) 		21.3
(70.3) 		27.6
(81.7) 		31.0
(87.8) 		32.0
(89.6) 		31.2
(88.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		19.5
(67.1) 		10.6
(51.1) 		4.0
(39.2) 		18.9
(66.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.7
(27.1) 		0.6
(33.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		15.1
(59.2) 		21.2
(70.2) 		25.1
(77.2) 		26.9
(80.4) 		25.9
(78.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		4.9
(40.8) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		13.1
(55.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −7.1
(19.2) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		8.8
(47.8) 		14.8
(58.6) 		19.7
(67.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		21.6
(70.9) 		15.9
(60.6) 		8.3
(46.9) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		8.1
(46.6)
Record low °C (°F) −20.2
(−4.4) 		−15.7
(3.7) 		−10.7
(12.7) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		3.4
(38.1) 		10.5
(50.9) 		15.8
(60.4) 		13.9
(57.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−10.8
(12.6) 		−15.7
(3.7) 		−20.2
(−4.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 2.1
(0.08) 		5.6
(0.22) 		9.6
(0.38) 		21.6
(0.85) 		34.7
(1.37) 		84.8
(3.34) 		209.5
(8.25) 		119.7
(4.71) 		53.3
(2.10) 		27.8
(1.09) 		15.1
(0.59) 		2.5
(0.10) 		586.3
(23.08)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.3 2.3 2.8 4.5 6.1 10.3 13.1 11.0 7.5 5.0 3.0 1.5 68.4
Average snowy days 2.4 2.2 1.1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 2.4 9.7
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		43 42 41 43 48 60 72 73 67 62 56 46 54
Mean monthly sunshine hours 183.1 183.6 220.2 233.1 250.5 203.2 170.2 186.9 194.8 188.8 166.0 169.9 2,350.3
Percent possible sunshine 61 60 59 58 56 45 38 44 53 55 56 59 54
Source: China Meteorological Administration[91][92]
Climate data for Beijing Capital International Airport (2013–2022 normals, extremes 2013–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.0
(55.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		27.0
(80.6) 		35.0
(95.0) 		42.0
(107.6) 		41.0
(105.8) 		40.0
(104.0) 		38.0
(100.4) 		37.0
(98.6) 		30.0
(86.0) 		21.0
(69.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		42.0
(107.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		6.0
(42.8) 		14.1
(57.4) 		21.5
(70.7) 		27.4
(81.3) 		30.8
(87.4) 		31.5
(88.7) 		30.9
(87.6) 		27.2
(81.0) 		19.1
(66.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		4.3
(39.7) 		18.8
(65.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.4
(25.9) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		8.1
(46.6) 		15.4
(59.7) 		21.4
(70.5) 		25.3
(77.5) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.1
(79.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		12.5
(54.5) 		4.4
(39.9) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		12.9
(55.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −7.4
(18.7) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		2.3
(36.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		14.1
(57.4) 		19.2
(66.6) 		22.6
(72.7) 		21.4
(70.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		7.9
(46.2) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		7.8
(46.0)
Record low °C (°F) −23.0
(−9.4) 		−16.0
(3.2) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		2.0
(35.6) 		11.0
(51.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		11.0
(51.8) 		6.0
(42.8) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−22.0
(−7.6) 		−23.0
(−9.4)
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		46 44 42 43 47 58 72 71 68 64 57 46 55
Source: [93]

See or edit raw graph data.

Beijing Daily Mean Temperature (2001 - 2024 normal)[94]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
≥22 °C 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 15.3 26.5 30.7 29.9 14.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 117.9
10 °C-22 °C 0.0 0.1 10.3 26.5 15.7 3.5 0.3 1.1 15.8 27.3 3.6 0.0 104.2
<10 °C 31.0 28.2 20.7 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 26.4 31.0 143.1

Cityscape

A panorama of the Forbidden City, viewed from the Jingshan Park

Architecture

The North–South Central Axis of Beijing City
See also: List of tallest buildings in Beijing

Three styles of architecture are predominant in urban Beijing. First, there is the traditional architecture of imperial China, perhaps best exemplified by the massive

Beijing CBD in east Beijing such as the new CCTV Headquarters, in addition to buildings in other locations around the city such as the Beijing National Stadium and National Center for the Performing Arts
.

Since 2007, buildings in Beijing have received the CTBUH Skyscraper Award for best overall tall building twice, for the Linked Hybrid building in 2009 and the CCTV Headquarters in 2013. The CTBUH Skyscraper award for best tall overall building is given to only one building around the world every year.

In the early 21st century, Beijing has witnessed tremendous growth of new building constructions, exhibiting various modern styles from international designers, most pronounced in the CBD region. A mixture of both 1950s design and

neofuturistic style of architecture can be seen at the 798 Art Zone, which mixes the old with the new. Beijing's tallest building is the 528-meter China Zun
.

Wangjing SOHO

Beijing is famous for its

Feng Shui. They vary in width; some are so narrow only a few pedestrians can pass through at a time. Once ubiquitous in Beijing, siheyuans and hutongs are rapidly disappearing,[96] as entire city blocks of hutongs are replaced by high-rise buildings.[97] Residents of the hutongs are entitled to live in the new buildings in apartments of at least the same size as their former residences. Many complain, however, that the traditional sense of community and street life of the hutongs cannot be replaced,[98] and these properties are often government owned.[99]

Environmental issues

Beijing had a long history of

air temperatures, vertical air dilution and ozone levels were increased.[101] Because of the combined factors of urbanization and pollution caused by burning of fossil fuel, Beijing is often affected by serious environmental problems, which lead to health issues of many inhabitants. In 2013 heavy smog struck Beijing and most parts of northern China, impacting a total of 600 million people. After this "pollution shock" air pollution became an important economic and social concern in China. After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution, for example by lowering the share of coal from 24% in 2012 to 10% in 2017, while the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources.[102]

Air quality

Joint research between American and Chinese researchers in 2006 concluded that much of the city's pollution comes from surrounding cities and provinces. On average 35–60% of the ozone can be traced to sources outside the city. Shandong Province and Tianjin Municipality have a "significant influence on Beijing's air quality",[103] partly due to the prevailing south/southeasterly flow during the summer and the mountains to the north and northwest.

In preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics and to fulfill promises to clean up the city's air, nearly US$17 billion was spent.[104] Beijing implemented a number of air improvement schemes for the duration of the Games, including halting work at all construction sites, closing many factories in Beijing permanently, temporarily shutting industry in neighboring regions, closing some gas stations,[105] and cutting motor traffic by half by limiting drivers to odd or even days (based on their license plate numbers),[106] reducing bus and subway fares, opening new subway lines, and banning high-emission vehicles.[107][108] The city further assembled 3,800 natural gas-powered buses, one of the largest fleets in the world.[104] Beijing became the first city in China to require the Chinese equivalent to the Euro 4 emission standard.[109]

Coal burning accounts for about 40% of the PM 2.5 in Beijing and is also the chief source of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide.[110] Since 2012, the city has been converting coal-fired power stations to burn natural gas[111] and aims to cap annual coal consumption at 20 million tons. In 2011, the city burned 26.3 million tons of coal, 73% of which for heating and power generation and the remainder for industry.[111] Much of the city's air pollutants are emitted by neighboring regions.[110] Coal consumption in neighboring Tianjin is expected to increase from 48 to 63 million tons from 2011 to 2015.[112] Hebei Province burned over 300 million tons of coal in 2011, more than all of Germany, of which only 30% were used for power generation and a considerable portion for steel and cement making.[113] Power plants in the coal-mining regions of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi, where coal consumption has tripled since 2000, and Shandong also contribute to air pollution in Beijing.[110] Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei and Inner Mongolia, respectively rank from first to fourth, among Chinese provinces by coal consumption.[112] There were four major coal-fired power plants in the city to provide electricity as well as heating during the winter. The first one (Gaojing Thermal Power Plant) was shut down in 2014.[114] Another two were shut in March 2015. The last one (Huaneng Thermal Power Plant) would be shut in 2016.[115] Between 2013 and 2017, the city planned to reduce 13 million tons of coal consumption and cap coal consumption to 15 million tons in 2015.[115]

The government sometimes uses

cloud-seeding measures to increase the likelihood of rain showers in the region to clear the air prior to large events, such as prior to the 60th anniversary parade in 2009 as well as to combat drought conditions in the area.[116] More recently, however, the government has increased its usage of such measures as closing factories temporarily and implementing greater restrictions for cars on the road, as in the case of "APEC blue" and "parade blue", short periods during and immediately preceding the APEC China 2014 and the 2015 China Victory Day Parade, respectively.[117]
During and prior to these events, Beijing's air quality improved dramatically, only to fall back to unhealthy levels shortly after.

On 8 and 9 December 2015 Beijing had its first smog alert which shut down a majority of the industry and other commercial businesses in the city.[118] Later in the month another smog "red alert" was issued.[119]

According to Beijing's environmental protection bureau's announcement in November 2016, starting from 2017 highly polluting old cars will be banned from being driven whenever Smog "red alerts" are issued in the city or neighboring regions.[120]

In recent years, there has been measurable reductions in pollutants after the "war on pollution" was declared in 2014, with Beijing seeing a 35% reduction in fine particulates in 2017[121] and further reduction by 2020.[79]: 52  The primary factors behind this reduction were replacing coal power with natural gas and cleaning up polluting industrial facilities in the Beijing area.[122]: 169–170 

Beijing's annual average concentration of major airborne fine particulate matter, or PM2.5, declined to 30 micrograms per cubic meter in 2022, the best air quality for the city since 2013.[123]

Readings

Due to Beijing's high level of air pollution, there are various readings by different sources on the subject. Daily pollution readings at 27 monitoring stations around the city are reported on the website of the Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau (BJEPB).

The American Embassy of Beijing also reports hourly fine particulate (PM2.5) and ozone levels on Twitter.[125] Since the BJEPB and US Embassy measure different pollutants according to different criteria, the pollution levels and the impact to human health reported by the BJEPB are often lower than that reported by the US Embassy.[125]

The smog is causing harm and danger to the population. The air pollution does directly result in significant impact on the morbidity rate of cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease in Beijing.[126] Exposure to large concentrations of polluted air can cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems, emergency room visits, and even death.[127]

Dust storms

Dust from the erosion of deserts in northern and northwestern China results in seasonal dust storms that plague the city; the Beijing Weather Modification Office sometimes artificially induces rainfall to fight such storms and mitigate their effects.[128] In the first four months of 2006 alone, there were no fewer than eight such storms.[129] In April 2002, one dust storm alone dumped nearly 50,000 tons of dust onto the city before moving on to Japan and Korea.[130]

Government

Main article: Politics of Beijing

The municipal government is regulated by the Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), led by the Beijing CCP Secretary. The Municipal CCP Committee issues administrative orders, collects taxes, manages the economy, and directs a standing committee of the Municipal People's Congress in making policy decisions and overseeing the local government. Since 1987, all CCP Secretary of Beijing is also a member of the Politburo.

Government officials include the mayor (Chinese: 市长) and vice-mayor. Numerous bureaus focus on law, public security, and other affairs. Additionally, as the capital of China, Beijing houses all of the important national governmental and political institutions, including the National People's Congress.[131]

Administrative divisions

For a more comprehensive list, see List of administrative divisions of Beijing and List of township-level divisions of Beijing.

Beijing Municipality currently comprises 16 administrative

Yanqing
were upgraded to districts.

Administrative divisions of Beijing
Division code[132] Division Area in km2[133] Total population 2020[134] Urban area
population 2020[134] 		Seat Postal code Subdivisions[135][full citation needed]
Subdistricts Towns
Townships
[n 1]
 Residential communities
Villages
110000 Beijing 16406.16 21,893,095 19,166,433
Tongzhou
 100000 149 143 38 2538 3857
110101
Dongcheng
 41.82 708,829 Jingshan Subdistrict 100000 17     216  
110102
Xicheng
 50.33 1,106,214
Jinrong Street Subdistrict
 100000 15     259  
110105
Chaoyang
 454.78 3,452,460 Chaowai Subdistrict 100000 24   19 358 5
110106
Fengtai
 305.53 2,019,764 2,003,652 Fengtai Subdistrict 100000 16 2 3 254 73
110107
Shijingshan
 		84.38 567,851 Lugu Subdistrict 100000 9     130  
110108
Haidian
 430.77 3,133,469 3,058,731 Haidian Subdistrict 100000 22 7   603 84
110109
Mentougou
 1447.85 392,606 358,945 Dayu Subdistrict 102300 4 9   124 179
110111
Fangshan
 1994.73 1,312,778 1,025,320 Gongchen Subdistrict 102400 8 14 6 108 462
110112
Tongzhou
 905.79 1,840,295 1,361,403 Beiyuan Subdistrict 101100 6 10 1 40 480
110113
Shunyi
 1019.51 1,324,044 875,261 Shengli Subdistrict 101300 6 19   61 449
110114
Changping
 1342.47 2,269,487 1,856,115 Chengbei Subdistrict 102200 8 14   180 303
110115
Daxing
 1036.34 1,993,591 1,622,382 Xingfeng Subdistrict 102600 5 14   64 547
110116
Huairou
 2122.82 441,040 334,682 Longshan Subdistrict 101400 2 12 2 27 286
110117
Pinggu
 948.24 457,313 278,501 Binhe Subdistrict 101200 2 14 2 23 275
110118
Miyun
 2225.92 527,683 350,398 Gulou Subdistrict 101500 2 17 1 57 338
110119
Yanqing
 1994.89 345,671 205,689 Rulin Subdistrict 102100 3 11 4 34 376
  1. Ethnic townships
    & other township related subdivisions.

Towns

Main article: List of township-level divisions of Beijing

Beijing's 16 county-level divisions (districts) are further subdivided into 273 lower third-level administrative units at the

subdistricts
. Towns within Beijing Municipality but outside the urban area include (but are not limited to):

Several place names in Beijing end with mén (门), meaning "gate", as they were the locations of gates in the former Beijing city wall. Other place names end in cūn (村), meaning "village", as they were originally villages outside the city wall.

Judiciary and procuracy

The

basic people's court (one for each of the municipality's districts and counties), one basic railway transport court, and one Internet court. The Beijing No. 1 Intermediate People's Court in Shijingshan oversees the basic courts of Haidian, Shijingshan, Mentougou, Changping and Yanqing.[136] The Beijing No. 2 Intermediate People's Court in Fengtai oversees the basic courts of Dongcheng, Xicheng, Fengtai, Fangshan and Daxing.[136] The Beijing No. 3 Intermediate People's Court in Laiguangying, is the newest of the three intermediate people's courts and opened on 21 August 2013.[136] It oversees the district courts of Chaoyang, Tongzhou, Shunyi, Huairou, Pinggu and Miyun.[136][137] Each court in Beijing has a corresponding people's procuratorate
.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Beijing

As of 2022, Beijing's nominal GDP was CN¥4.16 trillion ($619 billion in nominal, $1.016 trillion in PPP), about 3.44% of the country's GDP and ranked 13th among province-level administrative units; its nominal GDP per capita was US$28,258 (CN¥190,059) and ranked the 1st in the country.[138][139] It also ranks the tenth largest in the metropolitan economies in the world.[140]

Due to the concentration of

state owned enterprises in the national capital, Beijing in 2013 had more Fortune Global 500 Company headquarters than any other city in the world.[141] As of August 2022, Beijing has 54 Fortune Global 500 companies, more than Japan (47), the third-place country after China (145) and the United States (124).[142][143] Beijing has also been described as the "billionaire capital of the world".[144][145] In 2020, Beijing is the fifth wealthiest city in the world, with a total wealth amounts to $2 trillion.[146] Beijing is classified as an Alpha+ (global first-tier) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and worldwide and making it one of the world's Top 10 major cities.[147] In the 2021 Global Financial Centres Index, Beijing was ranked as having the sixth-most competitive financial center in the world and fourth-most competitive in the whole Asia & Oceania region (behind Shanghai, Hong Kong and Singapore).[148]

As of 2021, Beijing was ranked first globally in terms of "Global City Competitiveness" in the 2020–2021 Global Urban Competitiveness Report jointly released by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) and the United Nations Programme for Human Settlements (UN-Habitat).[149]

Historical GDP of Beijing for 1978–present (SNA2008)[150]
(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as international dollar based on IMF WEO October 2022)[151]
Year CNY
(millions) 		USD
(millions) 		PPP
(Int'l$)
(millions) 		Real growth
(%) 		CNY
per capita* 		USD
per capita* 		PPP
(Int'l$.)
per capita* 		Reference index:
USD 1
to CNY 		Reference index:
Int'l$. 1
to CNY
2021 4,026,960 624,190 957,432 8.5 183,980 28,517 43,742 6.4515 4.206
2020 3,594,330 521,099 846,920 1.1 164,158 23,799 38,680 6.8976 4.244
2019 3,544,510 513,809 835,575 6.1 161,776 23,451 38,137 6.8985 4.242
2018 3,310,600 500,287 782,833 6.7 150,962 22,813 35,697 6.6174 4.229
2017 2,988,300 442,593 714,221 6.8 136,172 20,168 32,546 6.7518 4.184
2016 2,704,120 407,106 677,894 6.9 123,391 18,577 30,932 6.6423 3.989
2015 2,477,910 397,841 640,121 6.9 113,692 18,253 29,370 6.2284 3.871
2014 2,292,600 373,217 609,846 7.4 106,732 17,375 28,394 6.1428 3.759
2013 2,113,460 341,255 576,818 7.7 100,569 16,240 27,448 6.1932 3.664
2012 1,902,470 301,381 534,252 7.7 92,758 14,694 26,048 6.3125 3.561
2011 1,718,880 266,130 487,764 8.1 86,246 13,353 24,474 6.4588 3.524
2010 1,496,400 221,050 440,910 10.4 78,307 11,568 23,544 6.7695 3.326
2009 1,290,900 188,977 407,481 10.0 71,059 10,402 22,430 6.8310 3.168
2008 1,181,310 170,093 369,969 9.0 68,541 9,869 21,466 6.9451 3.193
2007 1,042,550 137,105 343,736 14.4 63,629 8,368 20,979 7.6040 3.033
2006 838,700 105,208 290,308 12.8 53,438 6,703 18,497 7.9718 2.889
2005 714,980 87,281 249,296 12.3 47,182 5,760 16,451 8.1917 2.868
2000 327,780 38,809 118,148 12.0 22,054 3,022 8,081 8.2784 2.729
1995 151,620 18,156 55,275 12.0 12,762 1,529 4,653 8.3510 2.743
1990 50,080 10,470 29,184 5.2 4,635 969 2,701 4.7832 1.716
1985 25,710 8,755 18,312 8.7 2,643 972 1,882 2.9367 1.404
1980 13,910 9,283 9,273 11.8 1,544 1,009 1,029 1.4984 1.500
1978 10,880 6,462 10.5 1,257 797 1.684

* Per-capita GDP is based on mid-year population.

Sector composition

The Taikoo Li Sanlitun shopping arcade is a destination for locals and visitors.

The city has a

primary sector (agriculture, mining) at 0.26%.[138] The services sector is broadly diversified with professional services, wholesale and retail, information technology, commercial real estate, scientific research, and residential real estate each contributing at least 6% to the city's economy in 2022.[138][152]

The single largest sub-sector remains industry, whose share of overall output has shrunk to 12.1% in 2022.

Capital Steel to neighboring Hebei province had begun in 2005.[154][155] In 2013, output of automobiles, aerospace products, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, and food processing all increased.[152]

In the farmland around Beijing, vegetables and fruits have displaced grain as the primary crops under cultivation.[152] In 2013, the tonnage of vegetable, edible fungus and fruit harvested was over three times that of grain.[152] In 2013, overall acreage under cultivation shrank along with most categories of produce as more land was reforested for environmental reasons.[152]

Economic zones

For a more comprehensive list, see List of economic and technological development zones in Beijing.
Beijing CBD
Haidian District
.

In 2006, the city government identified six high-end economic output zones around Beijing as the primary engines for local economic growth. In 2012, the six zones produced 43.3% of the city's GDP, up from 36.5% in 2007.[156][157] The six zones are:

  1. Zhongguancun, China's silicon village in Haidian District northwest of the city, is home to both established and start-up tech companies. In the first two quarters of 2014, 9,895 companies registered in the six zones, among which 6,150 were based in Zhongguancun.[158] Zhongguancun is also the center of Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang Hi-Tech Industrial Belt.
  2. Beijing Financial Street, in Xicheng District on the west side of the city between Fuxingmen and Fuchengmen, is lined with headquarters of large state banks and insurance companies. The country's financial regulatory agencies including the central bank, bank regulator, securities regulator, and foreign exchange authority are located in the neighborhood.
  3. Beijing Central Business District (CBD), is actually located to the east of downtown, near the embassies along the eastern Third Ring Road between Jianguomenwai and Chaoyangmenwai. The CBD is home to most of the city's skyscraper office buildings
    . Most of the city's foreign companies and professional service firms are based in the CBD.
  4. Beijing Economic and Technological Development Area, better known as Yizhuang, is an industrial park the straddles the southern Fifth Ring Road in Daxing District. It has attracted pharmaceutical, information technology, and materials engineering companies.[159]
  5. Beijing Airport Economic Zone was created in 1993 and surrounds the Beijing Capital International Airport in Shunyi District northeast of the city. In addition to logistics, airline services, and trading firms, this zone is also home to Beijing's automobile assembly plants.
  6. Beijing Olympic Center Zone surrounds the Olympic Green due north of downtown and is developing into an entertainment, sports, tourism and business convention center.

Shijingshan, on the western outskirts of the city, is a traditional heavy industrial base for steel-making.[160]
Chemical plants are concentrated in the far eastern suburbs.

Less legitimate enterprises also exist. Urban Beijing is known for being a center of infringed goods; anything from the latest designer clothing to DVDs can be found in markets all over the city, often marketed to expatriates and international visitors.[161]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Beijing
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
19532,768,149—    
19647,568,495+9.57%
19829,230,687+1.11%
199010,819,407+2.00%
200013,569,194+2.29%
201019,612,368+3.75%
2020[150]21,893,095+1.11%
Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions.

In 2021, Beijing had a total population of 21.89 million within the municipality, of which 19.16 million (87.5 percent) resided in urban districts or suburban townships and 2.73 million (12.5) lived in rural villages.[138] The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) to have, as of 2010, a population of 24.9 million.[162][163]

Within China, the city ranked

third in municipal population after Shanghai and Chongqing. Beijing also ranks among the most populous cities in the world, a distinction the city has held for much of the past 800 years, especially during the 15th to early 19th centuries when it was the largest city in the world
.

About 13 million of the city's residents in 2013 had local

hukou permits, which entitles them to permanent residence in Beijing.[152] The remaining 8 million residents had hukou permits elsewhere and were not eligible to receive some social benefits provided by the Beijing municipal government.[152]

The population increased in 2013 by 455,000 or about 7% from the previous year and continued a decade-long trend of rapid growth.[152] The total population in 2004 was 14.213 million.[164] The population gains are driven largely by migration. The population's rate of natural increase in 2013 was a mere 0.441%, based on a birth rate of 8.93 and a mortality rate of 4.52.[152] The gender balance was 51.6% males and 48.4% females.[152]

Working age people account for nearly 73.6% of the population.[138] Compared to 2004, residents age 0–14 as a proportion of the population dropped from 9.95% to 9.92% in 2013, but again increased to 12.1% in 2021.[138] Residents over the age of 65 declined from 11.12% to 8.58%, but increased to 14.2% in 2021.[138] From 2002 to 2011, the percentage of city residents with at least some college education nearly doubled, from 20.4% to 37.3%, and further increased to 49.1% by 2021.[138] About 66.4% have senior secondary school education and 88.2% had reached middle school.[138]

According to the 2010 census, nearly 96% of Beijing's population are ethnic

Mongol (37,000) and Tujia (24,000) constitute the five largest groups.[166] In addition, there were 8,045 Hong Kong residents, 500 Macau residents, and 7,772 Taiwan residents along with 91,128 registered foreigners living in Beijing.[165] A study by the Beijing Academy of Sciences estimates that in 2010 there were on average 200,000 foreigners living in Beijing on any given day including students, business travellers and tourists that are not counted as registered residents.[167]

In 2017 the Chinese government implemented population controls for Beijing and Shanghai to fight what it called the "big city disease" which includes congestion, pollution, and shortages of education and health care services. From this policy, Beijing's population declined by 20,000 from 2016 to 2017.

Xiong'an New Area, the transfer to the latter expected to include 300,000-500,000 people working in government research, universities, and corporate headquarters.[169][170]

Education and research

Main articles: Education in Beijing, Education in China, and Higher education in China
See also:
health science in the Asia-Pacific, ranking third and sixth in the world, respectively.[177][178]

Beijing has over 90 public colleges and universities, making it the largest urban public university system in Asia and the first city in China with the most higher education institutions.[179][180] It is also home to the two best universities (Tsinghua and Peking) in the whole of the Asia & Oceania region and emerging countries, with their rankings at #12 and #13 places in the world, respectively by the 2025 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[32][181][33] Both are members of the C9 League, an alliance of elite Chinese universities offering comprehensive and leading education.[182]

Beijing also has the highest number of universities of any city in the country, representing more than one-fifth of

University of International Business and Economics, University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Central University of Finance and Economics.[185][29][186][187] These universities were selected as "985 universities" or "211 universities" by the Chinese government in order to build world-class universities.[188][189]

The city is a seat of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which has been consistently ranked the No. 1 research institute in the world by Nature Index since the list's inception in 2014.[190][191][192] The academy also runs the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which is located in Beijing and ranked among the world's top five research institutions by the Nature Index.[193] Beijing is also a site of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.


Some of the national key universities in Beijing are:

Beijing is also home to several religious institutions, Some of them are listed as follows:

The city's

Program for International Student Assessment, a worldwide study of academic performance conducted by the OECD.[194]

Culture

The Beijing Ancient Observatory

People native to urban Beijing speak the

putonghua, the standard spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan, and one of the four official languages of Singapore. Rural areas of Beijing Municipality have their own dialects akin to those of Hebei province, which surrounds Beijing Municipality.[citation needed
]

Beijing or Peking opera is a traditional form of Chinese theater well known throughout the nation. Commonly lauded as one of the highest achievements of Chinese culture, Beijing opera is performed through a combination of song, spoken dialogue, and codified action sequences involving gestures, movement, fighting and acrobatics. Much of Beijing opera is carried out in an archaic stage dialect quite different from Modern Standard Chinese and from the modern Beijing dialect.[195]

Sliced Peking duck served with traditional condiments

Chinese medicine. Teahouses
are also common in Beijing.

The cloisonné (or Jingtailan, literally "Blue of Jingtai") metalworking technique and tradition is a Beijing art speciality, and is one of the most revered traditional crafts in China. Cloisonné making requires elaborate and complicated processes which include base-hammering, copper-strip inlay, soldering, enamel-filling, enamel-firing, surface polishing and gilding.[196] Beijing's lacquerware is also well known for its sophisticated and intricate patterns and images carved into its surface, and the various decoration techniques of lacquer include "carved lacquer" and "engraved gold".

Younger residents of Beijing have become more attracted to the nightlife, which has flourished in recent decades, breaking prior cultural traditions that had practically restricted it to the upper class.[197] Today, Houhai, Sanlitun and Wudaokou are Beijing's nightlife hotspots.

In 2012 Beijing was named as City of Design and became part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.[198]

Places of interest

See also:
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites (Beijing) and List of Beijing landmarks

...the city remains an epicenter of tradition with the treasures of nearly 2,000 years as the imperial capital still on view—in the famed Forbidden City and in the city's lush pavilions and gardens...

— National Geographic[199]
UNESCO World Heritage Site,[203]
contains a comprehensive collection of imperial gardens and palaces that served as the summer retreats for the Qing imperial family.

Among the best known religious sites in the city is the

Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, built in 1605, is the oldest Catholic church in Beijing. The Niujie Mosque
is the oldest mosque in Beijing, with a history stretching back over a thousand years.

Universal Studios Beijing
Happy Valley Beijing

Beijing contains several well-preserved pagodas and stone pagodas, such as the towering

Chaoyang, Haidian, Milu Yuan and Zizhu Yuan parks are some of the notable recreational parks in the city. The Beijing Zoo is a center of zoological research that also contains rare animals from various continents, including the Chinese giant panda
.

There are 144 museums and galleries (as of June 2008[update]) in the city.

Beijing Museum of Natural History and the Paleozoological Museum of China.[207]

Located at the outskirts of urban Beijing, but within its municipality are the Thirteen Tombs of the Ming dynasty, the lavish and elaborate burial sites of thirteen Ming emperors, which have been designated as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.[208] The archaeological Peking Man site at Zhoukoudian is another World Heritage Site within the municipality,[209] containing a wealth of discoveries, among them one of the first specimens of Homo erectus and an assemblage of bones of the gigantic hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris. There are several sections of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Great Wall of China,[210] most notably Badaling, Jinshanling, Simatai and Mutianyu. According to the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), Beijing is the second highest earning tourist city in the world after Shanghai.[211] Theme parks located within the city include Universal Studios Beijing and Happy Valley Beijing, both of which are among the most visited theme parks in Asia.[212]

Intangible cultural heritage

Peking opera

The cultural heritage of Beijing is rich and diverse. Starting 2006, the Beijing government started the process of selecting and preserving cultural heritages. Five cultural heritage lists have been published over the years. 288 distinct practices are categorized as cultural heritage. These 288 cultural heritages are further divided into ten categories, namely folk music, folk dance, traditional opera, melodious art, juggling and game, folk art, traditional handicraft, traditional medicine, folk literature and folklore.[213][214][215][216]

Religion

The religious heritage of Beijing is rich and diverse as Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam and Christianity all have significant historical presence in the city. As the national capital, the city also hosts the State Administration for Religious Affairs and various state-sponsored institutions of the leading religions.[217] In recent decades, foreign residents have brought other religions to the city.[217] According to Wang Zhiyun of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2010 there were 2.2 million Buddhists in the city, equal to 11.2% of the total population.[218] According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009, Christians constitute 0.78% of the city's population.[219] According to a 2010 survey, Muslims constitute 1.76% of the population of Beijing.[220]

Chinese folk religion and Taoism

Fire God Temple in Di'anmen

Beijing has many temples dedicated to folk religious and communal deities, many of which are being reconstructed or refurbished in the 2000s and 2010s. Yearly sacrifices to the God of Heaven (祭天; jìtiān) at the Temple of Heaven have been resumed by Confucian groups in the 2010s.

There are temples dedicated to the worship of the Goddess (

Pinggu District. Many of these temples are governed by the Beijing Taoist Association, such as the Fire God Temple of the Shicha Lake, while many others are not and are governed by popular committees and locals. A great Temple of Xuanyuan Huangdi will be built in Pinggu (possibly as an expansion of the already existing shrine) within 2020, and the temple will feature a statue of the deity which will be amongst the tallest in the world.[221][222]

The national

Zhengyi Taoism in the city. The local Beijing Taoist Association has its headquarters at the Lüzu Temple near Fuxingmen.[223]

Buddhism

The tomb pagodas at Tanzhe Temple
Yonghe Temple of Tibetan Buddhism

11% of the population of Beijing practices

Buddhist institutions in mainland China, is headquartered in the Guangji Temple, a temple founded over 800 years ago during the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in what is now Fuchengmennei (阜成门内). The Beijing Buddhist Association along with the Buddhist Choir and Orchestra are based in the Guanghua Temple, which dates to the Yuan dynasty over 700 years ago. The Buddhist Academy of China and its library are housed in the Fayuan Temple near Caishikou. The Fayuan Temple, which dates to the Tang dynasty 1300 years ago, is the oldest temple in urban Beijing. The Tongjiao Temple inside Dongzhimen
is the city's only Buddhist nunnery.

The Xihuang Temple originally dates to the Liao dynasty. In 1651, the temple was commissioned by the Qing Emperor Shunzhi to host the visit of the Fifth Dalai Lama to Beijing. Since then, this temple has hosted the 13th Dalai Lama as well as the Sixth, Ninth and Tenth Panchen Lamas.

The largest Tibetan Buddhist Temple in Beijing is the

Buddha. The pagoda was destroyed during the Boxer Rebellion and the tooth was discovered from its foundation. A new pagoda was built in 1964. The six aforementioned temples: Guangji, Guanghua, Tongjiao, Xihuang, Yonghe and Lingguang have been designated National Key Buddhist Temples in Han Chinese Area
.

In addition, other notable temples in Beijing include the

Beijing Art Museum) and the Big Bell Temple
(Dazhong Temple).

Islam

Niujie Mosque

Beijing has about 70 mosques recognized by the Islamic Association of China, whose headquarters are located next to the Niujie Mosque, the oldest mosque in the city.[224][225] The Niujie Mosque was founded in 996 during the Liao dynasty and is frequently visited by Muslim dignitaries. The Chinese Muslim community reportedly celebrated Ramadan and made Eid prayers at the mosque in 2021.[226][227]

The largest mosque[228] in Beijing is ChangYing mosque, located in ChaoYang district, with an area of 8,400 square meters.

Other notable mosques in the old city include the Dongsi Mosque, founded in 1346; the Huashi Mosque, founded in 1415; Nan Douya Mosque, near Chaoyangmen; Jinshifang Street Mosque, in Xicheng District; and the Dongzhimen Mosque.[229] There are large mosques in outlying Muslim communities in Haidian, Madian, Tongzhou, Changping, Changying, Shijingshan and Miyun. The China Islamic Institute is located in the Niujie neighborhood in Xicheng District.

Christianity

Church of the Saviour, also known as the Xishiku Church, built in 1703

Catholicism

In 1289,

Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association (CPCA), based in Houhai
is the government oversight body for Catholics in mainland China. Notable Catholic churches in Beijing include:

The

Daxing District
.

Haidian Christian Church

Protestantism

The earliest Protestant churches in Beijing were founded by

British and American missionaries in the second half of the 19th century. Protestant missionaries also opened schools, universities and hospitals which have become important civic institutions. Most of Beijing's Protestant churches were destroyed during the Boxer Rebellion and afterwards rebuilt. In 1958, the 64 Protestant churches in the city are reorganized into four and overseen by the state through the Three-Self Patriotic Movement
.

Eastern Orthodox

There was a significant amount of Orthodox Christians in Beijing. Orthodoxy came to Beijing with Russian prisoners from the Sino-Russian border conflicts of the 17th century.[230] In 1956, Viktor, the bishop of Beijing returned to the Soviet Union, and the Soviet embassy took over the old cathedral and demolished it. In 2007, the Russian embassy built a new church in its garden to serve the Russian Orthodox Christians in Beijing.

Media

Beijing CBD

Television and radio

Beijing Radio Stations
is the family of radio stations serving the city.

Press

The well-known Beijing Evening News, covering news about Beijing in Chinese, is distributed every afternoon. Other newspapers include Beijing Daily, The Beijing News, the Beijing Star Daily, the Beijing Morning News, and the Beijing Youth Daily, as well as English-language weeklies Beijing Weekend and Beijing Today. The People's Daily, Global Times and the China Daily (English) are published in Beijing as well.

Publications primarily aimed at international visitors and the expatriate community include the English-language periodicals Time Out Beijing,

That's Beijing, and The Beijinger
.

Beijing rock

Beijing rock (Chinese: 北京摇滚) is a wide variety of rock and roll music made by rock bands and solo artists from Beijing. The first rock band in Beijing is Peking All-Stars, which was formed in 1979 by foreigners.

Famous rock bands and solo artists from Beijing include Cui Jian, Dou Wei, He Yong, Pu Shu, Tang Dynasty, Black Panther, The Flowers, 43 Baojia Street, etc.[231]

Sports

See also: Football in Beijing

Events

2008 Summer Olympic Games
Beijing Workers' Stadium

Beijing has hosted numerous international and national sporting events, the most notables was the

2009 Barclays Asia Trophy (football). Beijing hosted the 2015 IAAF World Championships in Athletics
.

Beijing's

LeSports Center is one of the main venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.[232]

The city hosted the second Chinese National Games in 1914 and the first four National Games of China in 1959, 1965, 1975, 1979, respectively, and co-hosted the 1993 National Games with Sichuan and Qingdao. Beijing also hosted the inaugural National Peasants' Games in 1988 and the sixth National Minority Games in 1999.

In November 2013, Beijing made a bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics.[21] On 31 July 2015, the International Olympic Committee awarded the 2022 Winter Olympics to the city becoming the first ever to host both Summer and Winter Olympics also for the 2022 Winter Paralympics becoming the first ever to host both Summer and Winter Paralympics.[22]

Venues

Major sporting venues in the city include the

Workers' Arena in Sanlitun just east of downtown and the Capital Arena in Baishiqiao, northeast of downtown. In addition, many universities in the city have their own sport facilities.[citation needed] The Olympic Green is a stadium cluster centered on the National Stadium. It was originally developed for the 2008 Summer Olympics[233] and modified for the 2022 Winter Olympics. The Big Air Shougang ski jump is in the western suburbs and was built for the 2022 Winter Olympics.[234]

Clubs

Professional sports teams based in Beijing include:

The Beijing Olympians of the American Basketball Association, formerly a Chinese Basketball Association team, kept their name and maintained a roster of primarily Chinese players after moving to Maywood, California in 2005.

China Bandy Federation is based in Beijing, one of several cities in which the potential for bandy development is explored.[235]

Transportation

Main article: Transport in Beijing
Beijing South railway station, one of several in the city

Beijing is an important transport hub in North China with six ring roads, 1167 km (725 miles) of expressways,[236] 15 National Highways, nine conventional railways, and six high-speed railways converging on the city.

Rail and high-speed rail

Beijing serves as a large rail hub in

China's railway network. Ten conventional rail lines radiate from the city to: Shanghai (Jinghu Line), Guangzhou (Jingguang Line), Kowloon (Jingjiu Line), Harbin (Jingha Line) (including Qinhuangdao (Jingqin Line)), Baotou (Jingbao Line), Chengde (Jingcheng Line), Tongliao, Inner Mongolia (Jingtong Line), Yuanping, Shanxi (Jingyuan Line) and Shacheng, Hebei (Fengsha Line). In addition, the Datong–Qinhuangdao railway
passes through the municipality to the north of the city.

Beijing also has six high-speed rail lines: the Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway, which opened in 2008; the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, which opened in 2011; the Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, which opened in 2012; and the Beijing–Xiong'an intercity railway and the Beijing–Zhangjiakou intercity railway, both of which opened in 2019. The Beijing–Shenyang high-speed railway was completed in 2021.

The city's main railway stations are the Beijing railway station, which opened in 1959; the Beijing West railway station, which opened in 1996; and the Beijing South railway station, which was rebuilt into the city's high-speed railway station in 2008; The Beijing North railway station, was first built in 1905 and expanded in 2009; The Qinghe railway station, was first built in 1905 and expanded in 2019; The Beijing Chaoyang railway station opened in 2021; The Beijing Fengtai railway station opened in 2022; and the Beijing Sub-Center railway station is under construction.

Smaller stations in the city including

Daxing Airport station handle mainly commuter passenger traffic. In outlying suburbs and counties of Beijing, there are over 40 railway stations.[237]

From Beijing,

direction
in relation to Beijing.

Roads and expressways

Further information: Expressways of Beijing and China National Highways of Beijing
6th Ring Roads being full-standard national expressways, linked to other roads only by interchanges. Expressways to other regions of China are generally accessible from the 3rd Ring Road outward. A final outer orbital, the Capital Area Loop Expressway (G95), was fully opened in 2018 and will extend into neighboring Tianjin and Hebei
.

Beijing–Tongzhou Expressway

Within the urban core, city streets generally follow the checkerboard pattern of the ancient capital. Many of Beijing's boulevards and streets with "inner" and "outer" are still named in relation to gates in the city wall, though most gates no longer stand. Traffic jams are a major concern. Even outside of rush hour, several roads still remain clogged with traffic.

Beijing's urban design layout further exacerbates transportation problems.[238] The authorities have introduced several bus lanes, which only public buses can use during rush hour. In the beginning of 2010, Beijing had 4 million registered automobiles.[239] By the end of 2010, the government forecast 5 million. In 2010, new car registrations in Beijing averaged 15,500 per week.[240]

Towards the end of 2010, the city government announced a series of drastic measures to tackle traffic jams, including limiting the number of new license plates issued to passenger cars to 20,000 a month and barring cars with non-Beijing plates from entering areas within the Fifth Ring Road during rush hour.[241] More restrictive measures are also reserved during major events or heavily polluted weather.

To obtain a valid license plate, Beijing drivers must be selected in a lottery.[122]: 168  As part of government policy support for the use of electric vehicles, Beijing drivers with fully electric cars have a much greater chance of being selected for a license plate.[122]: 168  Additionally, fully electric vehicles are exempt from restrictions on which day of the week a driver may drive their vehicle.[122]: 168 

Road signs began to be standardized with both Chinese and English names displayed, with location names using pinyin, in 2008.[242]

Air

Beijing Capital International Airport

Terminal 3 of the Beijing Capital International Airport

Beijing has two of the world's largest airports. The

Capital Airport Bus
serves the Capital Airport.

Beijing Daxing International Airport

Beijing Daxing International Airport

The

Hebei Province, opened on 25 September 2019.[243][244][245] The Daxing Airport has one of the world's largest terminal buildings and is expected to be a major airport serving Beijing, Tianjin and northern Hebei Province. Daxing Airport is connected to the city via the Beijing–Xiong'an intercity railway, the Daxing Airport Express
line of the Beijing Subway and two expressways.

Other airports

With the opening of the Daxing Airport in September 2019, the

Fengtai District
, has been closed to civilian airline service. Other airports in the city at Liangxiang, Xijiao, Shahe and Badaling are primarily for military use.

Visa requirements for air passengers

As of 1 January 2013[update], tourists from 45 countries are permitted a 72-hour visa-free stay in Beijing. The 45 countries include Singapore, Japan, the United States, Canada, all EU and EEA countries (except Norway and Liechtenstein), Switzerland, Brazil, Argentina and Australia. The programme benefits transit and business travellers[246] with the 72 hours calculated starting from the moment visitors receive their transit stay permits rather than the time of their plane's arrival. Foreign visitors are not permitted to leave Beijing for other Chinese cities during the 72 hours.[247]

Public transit

A Daxing line train on the Beijing Subway, which is among the longest and busiest rapid transit systems in the world
Beijing bus

The

better source needed] The Beijing Suburban Railway
provides commuter rail service to outlying suburbs of the municipality.

As part of the urban re-development for the 2008 Olympics, Beijing's subway system was significantly expanded.

Airport Express.[249] Under the new system a trip under 6 km (3+1⁄2 mi) will cost ¥3.00(US$0.49), an additional ¥1.00 will be added for the next 6 km (3+1⁄2 mi) and the next 10 km (6 mi) until the distance for the trip reaches 32 km (20 mi).[249] For every 20 kilometres (12 miles) after the original 32 kilometres (20 miles) an additional ¥1.00 is added.[249] For example, a 50-kilometre (31-mile) trip would cost ¥
8.00.

There are nearly 1,000 public bus and trolleybus lines in the city, including four bus rapid transit lines. Standard bus fares are as low as ¥1.00 when purchased with the Yikatong metrocard.

Taxi

Beijing EU5 Taxi in Beijing

Metered

taxi in Beijing start at ¥13 for the first 3 kilometres (1.9 mi), ¥2.3 Renminbi per additional 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) and ¥1 per ride fuel surcharge, not counting idling fees which are ¥2.3 (¥4.6 during rush hours of 7–9 am and 5–7 pm) per 5 minutes of standing or running at speeds lower than 12 kilometres per hour (7.5 mph). Most taxis are Hyundai Elantras, Hyundai Sonatas, Peugeots, Citroëns and Volkswagen Jettas
. After 15 kilometres (9.3 mi), the base fare increases by 50% (but is only applied to the portion over that distance). Different companies have special colours combinations painted on their vehicles. Usually registered taxis have yellowish brown as basic hue, with another color of Prussian blue, hunter green, white, umber, tyrian purple, rufous, or sea green. Between 11 pm and 5 am, there is also a 20% fee increase. Rides over 15 km (9 mi) and between 23:00 and 06:00 incur both charges, for a total increase of 80%. Tolls during trip should be covered by customers and the costs of trips beyond Beijing city limits should be negotiated with the driver. The cost of unregistered taxis is also subject to negotiation with the driver.

Bicycles

Huilongguan–Shangdi bicycle lane

Beijing has long been well known for the number of bicycles on its streets. Although the rise of motor traffic has created a great deal of congestion and bicycle use has declined, bicycles are still an important form of local transportation. Many cyclists can be seen on most roads in the city, and most of the main roads have dedicated

Ofo since 2016.[252]

Defence and aerospace

KJ-2000 and J-10s started the flypast formation for the 70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China.

The command headquarters of China's military forces are based in Beijing. The

83rd Armies
, which are based in Hebei.

Military institutions in Beijing also include academies and thinktanks such as the

PLA Song and Dance Troupe
.

The

crewed
and uncrewed flight and other space exploration initiatives.

Nature and wildlife

Beijing Municipality has 20 nature reserves, with a combined area of 1,339.7 km2 (517.3 sq mi).

Fangshan District in 2001 and identified as a distinct species in 2007. The mountains of Fangshan are also the natural habitat for the more common Beijing mouse-eared bat, large myotis, greater horseshoe bat, and Rickett's big-footed bat.[258]

Each year, Beijing hosts 200–300 species of

migratory birds including the common crane, black-headed gull, swan, mallard, common cuckoo, and the endangered yellow-breasted bunting.[259][260] In May 2016, Common cuckoos nesting in the wetlands of Cuihu (Haidian), Hanshiqiao (Shunyi), Yeyahu (Yanqing) were tagged and have been traced as far as India, Kenya and Mozambique.[261][262] In the fall of 2016, the Beijing Forest Police undertook a month-long campaign to crack down on illegal hunting and trapping of migratory birds for sale in local bird markets.[260] Over 1,000 rescued birds of protected species including streptopelia, Eurasian siskin, crested myna, coal tit, and great tit were handed to the Beijing Wildlife Protection and Rescue Center for repatriation to the wild.[260][263]

The city flowers are the

bean family, also called the Chinese scholar tree).[264] The oldest scholar tree in the city was planted in what is now Beihai Park during the Tang dynasty.[265]

International relations

The capital is the home of the

One Belt, One Road.[267] Beijing is also home to the headquarters of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO),[268] making it an important city for international diplomacy
.

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Beijing is twinned with the following regions, cities, and counties:[269]

Foreign embassies and consulates

See also: List of diplomatic missions in China

In 2019, China had the largest diplomatic network in the world.[270] China hosts a large diplomatic community in its capital city of Beijing; as of 2020, the Chinese capital hosts 173 embassies, one consulate and three representatives, excluding the trade offices of Hong Kong and Macau.[271][272]

Representative offices and delegations

  •  Haiti (Representative Office)
  •  Faroe Islands (Representative Office)
  •  
    Delegation of the European Union to China
    )

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Loaned earlier via French "Pékin".

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Sources

Further reading
Preceded by Capital of China (as Dadu of Yuan)
1264–1368 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Capital of China
1420–1928 		Succeeded by
ROC
)
Preceded by
ROC
)
 Capital of the People's Republic of China
1949–present 		Succeeded by
present capital