Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden

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Leopold
Grand Duke of Baden
Reign30 March 1830 – 24 April 1852
PredecessorLouis I
SuccessorLouis II
BornCount Leopold von Hochberg
(1790-08-29)29 August 1790
Karlsruhe Palace, Karlsruhe,
Margraviate of Baden,
Holy Roman Empire
Died24 April 1852(1852-04-24) (aged 61)
Karlsruhe Palace, Karlsruhe,
Grand Duchy of Baden,
German Confederation
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1819)​
Issue
Detail
HouseZähringen
FatherCharles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden
MotherLouise Caroline of Hochberg
ReligionLutheranism

Leopold (29 August 1790 – 24 April 1852) succeeded in 1830 as the Grand Duke of Baden, reigning until his death in 1852.

Although a younger child, Leopold was the first son of Margrave

House of Baden
. Luise Karoline and her children were given the titles of baron and baroness, in 1796 count or countess von Hochberg.

Baden gained territory during the

Grand Duke
of Baden.

Hochberg heir

Since the descendants of

Karoline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt were at first plentiful, no one expected the Hochberg children of his second wife to be anything except a family of counts with blood ties to the grand ducal family, but lacking dynastic rights. Count Leopold von Hochberg was born in Karlsruhe, and with no prospects of advancement in Baden
, followed a career as an officer in the French army.

The situation of both the grand duchy and the Hochberg children became objects of international interest as it became apparent that the Baden male line descended from Karl Frederick's first wife was likely to die out. One by one, the males of the House of Baden expired without leaving male descendants. By 1817, there were only two males left, the reigning Grand Duke Charles I, a grandson of Charles Frederick's, and his childless uncle Prince Louis. Both of Charles's sons died in infancy. Baden's dynasty seemed to face extinction, casting the country's future in doubt.

Unbeknownst to those outside of the court at Baden, upon the 24 November 1787 wedding of then-Margrave Charles Frederick to Luise Karoline Geyer von Geyersberg, he and the three sons of his first marriage signed a declaration which reserved decision on the title and any succession rights of sons to be born of the marriage.[1] Although Luise Karoline's children were not initially legally recognised as of dynastic rank, on 20 February 1796 their father clarified in writing (subsequently co-signed by his elder sons) that the couple's sons were eligible to succeed to the margravial throne in order of male primogeniture after extinction of the male issue of his first marriage.[1] The Margrave further declared that his marriage to their mother must "in no way be seen as morganatic, but rather as a true equal marriage".

On 10 September 1806, after the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire and the assumption of full sovereignty, Charles Frederick confirmed the dynastic status of the sons of his second marriage. This act was, yet again, signed by his three eldest sons, but was not promulgated.

On 4 October 1817, as neither Grand Duke Charles nor the other sons from his grandfather's first marriage had surviving male descendants, Charles proceeded to confirm the succession rights of his hither-to morganatic half-uncles, elevating each to the title Prince and Margrave of Baden, and the style of Highness. He asked the princely congress in Aachen on 20 November 1818, just weeks before his death, to confirm the succession rights of these sons of his step-grandmother, still known as Countess Luise von Hochberg.

But this proclamation of Baden's succession evoked international challenges. The

Semi-Salic succession law. As a result, Maximilian had a strong claim to Baden under the customary rules of inheritance, as well as his claims under a post–Congress of Vienna
treaty of 16 April 1816.

Nonetheless, in 1818 Charles granted a constitution to the nation, the liberality of which made it popular with the people of Baden and which included a clause securing the succession rights of the offspring of Luise Karoline Geyer von Geyersberg. Another dispute was resolved by Baden's agreement to cede a portion of the county of

enclaved
within Bavaria, to that kingdom.

To further improve the status of Prince Leopold, his half-brother the new

Charles Louis
, this marriage united the descendants of his father's (Grand Duke Charles Frederick's) two wives. Sophie's undoubted royal blood would help to offset the stigma of Leopold's morganatic birth.

Finally, on 10 July 1819, a few months after Charles's death, the

Great Powers of Austria, France, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia joined with Bavaria and Baden in the 1819 Treaty of Frankfurt
which recognized the succession rights of the former Hochberg morganatic line.

When Louis I died on 30 March 1830, he was the last male of the House of Baden not descended from the morganatic marriage of Charles Frederick and Luise Karoline Geyer von Geyersberg. Leopold von Hochberg now succeeded as the fourth Grand Duke of Baden.

Reign

Leopold was interested in the liberal ideas of his time, granted concessions to his subjects in 1848, and in the spring of 1849 declined to oppose the movement (see

Revolutions of 1848 in the German states) which finally broke down all barriers and forced him to flee from the country on the night of 13 May. In August, he was reinstated by the troops of Prussia and the German Confederation. He acted with the greatest forbearance after regaining his power. During the last years of his reign, he admitted his son Frederick, who later succeeded him, to a share in the government.[2] He died in Karlsruhe
.

Marriage and issue

On 25 July 1819, Leopold married in

Sophie of Sweden
(21 May 1801 – 6 July 1865). Sophia and Leopold had the following children:

  • Princess Alexandrine of Baden (6 December 1820 – 20 December 1904) she married Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha on 13 May 1842. They had no children.
  • Prince Louis of Baden (1822–1822).
  • Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden (15 August 1824 – 22 January 1858). Louis suffered from mental illness and as a result, his brother Prince Frederick acted as Regent.
  • Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden (9 September 1826 – 28 September 1907) he married Princess Louise of Prussia on 20 September 1856. They had three children: Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden (9 July 1857 – 9 August 1928); Princess Victoria of Baden, later Queen of Sweden (7 August 1862 – 4 April 1930); and Prince Louis of Baden (12 June 1865 - 23 February 1888).
  • Prince Max of Baden
    (1867–1929), German Chancellor, and later the heir to the Grand Duchy.
  • Prince Charles (Karl) of Baden (9 March 1832 – 3 December 1906) he married morganatically Baroness Rosalie von Beust (created Countess von Rhena) on 17 May 1871. They had one son, Count Frederick von Rhena (1877–1908).[3]
  • Ernst Leopold, 4th Prince of Leiningen
    on 11 September 1858. They had two children: Princess Alberta of Leiningen (23 July 1863 – 30 August 1901); and Emich, 5th Prince of Leiningen (18 January 1866 – 18 July 1939).
  • Grand Duke Michael Nicolaievich of Russia
    on 28 August 1857. They had seven children.

Titulature

The title and rank of Leopold and the other children of Grand Duke Charles Frederick by his second, morganatic wife,

Reichsgraf von Hochberg from 1796 when she was granted that rank by the Holy Roman Emperor.[4] Leopold and his full siblings were not officially elevated to the title of margrave until 1817 when they were publicly de-morganitised.[4] But their father had, in fact, allowed its use for his morganatic children at his own court in Karlsruhe at least from his assumption of the grand ducal crown in 1806, simultaneously according the princely title to the dynastic sons of his first marriage.[4]
However, from 1817 his male-line descendants of both marriages were internationally recognised as entitled to the princely prefix, which all used henceforth.

The title of Margrave of Baden has been borne as a

last reigning Grand Duke, Frederick II, in 1928.[4]

Honours

Ancestry

References

  1. ^ a b Schulze, Hermann. Die Hausgesetze der regierenden deutschen Fürstenhäuser, vol. 1. Jena, 1862, pages 165-69.
  2. New International Encyclopedia
    (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  3. ^ "The Gentleman's Magazine". 1907.
  4. ^
    ISBN 2-901138-06-3
    .
  5. ^ "Genealogie des Kurfurstlichen Hauses Baden". Kur-Badischer Hof- und Staats-Calender: für d. Jahr ... 1805. Macklot. 1805. p. 4.
  6. ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ H. Tarlier (1854). Almanach royal officiel, publié, exécution d'un arrête du roi (in French). Vol. 1. p. 37.

External links

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Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden
Born: 29 August 1790 Died: 24 April 1852
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Grand Duke of Baden

1830–1852 		Succeeded by
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