Lepiota

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Lepiota
Lepiota clypeolaria, the type species
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Lepiota
(
Pers.) Gray
(1821)
Type species
Lepiota clypeolaria
Synonyms
  • Fusispora Fayod (1889)
  • Lepidotus Clem. (1902)
  • Lepiotula (
    E.Horak
    (1968)
  • Morobia E.Horak (1979)
  • Amogaster Castellano (1995)

Lepiota is a

poisonous
, some lethally so.

Taxonomy

History

Agaricus

Christian Hendrik Persoon.[1] It was subsequently raised to the rank of genus by Samuel Frederick Gray. As originally conceived, the genus was a mix of agarics with rings on their stems, including species now placed in Armillaria, Cortinarius, and Pholiota.[2] In 1822, however, the influential Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries restricted Lepiota to white-spored, ringed agarics.[3]

Based on macro- and micromorphology, later authors gradually refined the generic concept of Lepiota. Some unrelated genera, such as

sensu lato = "in the wide sense") or as the "lepiotoid" fungi.[4][5][6][7]

The

secotioid species Amogaster viridiglebus, described in 1996 and initially placed in the order Boletales,[8] was later determined to be a member of Lepiota, and officially transferred to the genus in 2013.[9]

Current status

Following some discussion over the

DNA sequences, suggests that the morphological concept of Lepiota s.s. (sensu stricto = in the strict or narrow sense) is soundly based.[5][12][13]

The name "Lepiota" is derived from the Greek λεπις (= "scale") + οὖς (= "ear").[14]

Description

Fruit bodies of Lepiota species are almost all

dextrinoid (turning red-brown in an iodine-based reagent).[4][15]

Habitat and distribution

Most if not all Lepiota species are

nitrophilic, with a preference for calcareous soils. They typically occur in rich humus in broadleaf or conifer woodland, in northern Europe often among nettles (Urtica dioica) or dog's mercury (Mercurialis perennis). A few species are more frequently found in calcareous grassland or in dunes.[15] The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, but with a preference for warm areas, meaning there are fewer species in colder climates. Around 400 species are currently recognized worldwide.[16]

Toxicity

Several species contain

amatoxins and are lethally poisonous, if consumed.[17] Those known to have caused fatalities include Lepiota brunneoincarnata,[18][19] L. brunneolilacea,[20] L. castanea,[21] L. helveola,[21][22] and L. subincarnata (synonym L. josserandii).[23] No Lepiota species is recommended as edible.[15]

Literature

No comprehensive monograph of the genus has yet been published. In Europe, however, species of Lepiota were illustrated and described in a regional guide by Candusso & Lanzoni (1990)[4] and more briefly in descriptive keys by Bon (1993).[15] Dutch species were illustrated and described by Vellinga (2001).[24] No equivalent modern guides have been published for North America, but Vellinga (2008) has published an online bibliography of the relevant literature.[25] In Australia, a guide to the Lepiota species of south-eastern Queensland was published by Aberdeen (1992).[6] In Asia, a study of Lepiota diversity in northern Thailand revealed 73 species.[26]

List of species

See also: List of Lepiota species

The following species have individual entries:

The following species have individual entries, but are now placed in different genera:

See also

References

  1. ^ Persoon CH. (1797). Tentamen dispositionis methodicae Fungorum (in Latin). Leipzig, Germany: Wolf. p. 68.
  2. ^ Gray SF. (1821). A natural arrangement of British plants. Vol. 1. London: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy. p. 601. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
  3. ^ Fries EM. (1821). Systema Mycologicum. Vol. 1. Lund, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 19. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
  4. ^ a b c Candusso M, Lanzoni G (1990). Fungi Europaei 4: Lepiota s.l.. Alassio, Italy: Edizioni Candusso. p. 743.
  5. ^
    JSTOR 3761269
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-9596526-4-2
    .
  7. ^ Bon M. (1991). "Les genres Echinoderma (Locq. ex Bon) st. nov. et Rugosomyces Raithelhuber ss lato". Documents Mycologiques (in French). 21 (82): 61–66.
  8. ^ Castellano MA. (1995). "NATS truffle and truffle-like fungi 4: Amogaster viridigleba gen. et sp.nov., a new truffle-like fungus from the Sierra Nevada". Mycotaxon. 55: 185–8.
  9. ^
    S2CID 18543761
    .
  10. ISSN 0078-2238
    .
  11. ^ International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code, 2006), Appendix III "INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE online". Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  12. S2CID 13944947
    .
  13. S2CID 42847042
    .
  14. ^ Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetaceae: a handbook of the larger British fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 799.
  15. ^ a b c d Bon M. (1993). Flore mycologique d'Europe 3: Les Lepiotes. Amiens Cedex: CRDP de Picardie. p. 153.
  16. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8
    .
  17. ISBN 978-0-7167-2649-4
    .
  18. PMID 11715136
    .
  19. PMID 20870578
    .
  20. ^ Boiffard J. (1987). "Une intoxication familiale par Lepiota brunneolilacea". Documents Mycologiques. 69: 21–23.
  21. ^
    PMID 2282295
    .
  22. doi:10.1017/S0960428600003668
    .
  23. S2CID 28756785
    .
  24. ISBN 978-90-5410-494-0
    .
  25. ^ Vellinga EC. (2008). Bibliography of North American Lepiota species – v. 2.1 http://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/ev/americanlepiotaliterature_2.1.pdf
  26. S2CID 82743099
    .
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