List of cranes

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Blue cranes performing courtship display
Two sandhill cranes standing in water
Red-crowned cranes honking at sky
Two grey crowned cranes facing each other
Different species of crane. Clockwise from top left: blue cranes, sandhill cranes, grey crowned cranes, and red-crowned cranes

secondary feathers on the wing that project over the tail.[2] Most species have muted gray or white plumages, marked with black, and red bare patches on the face, but the crowned cranes of the genus Balearica have vibrantly-coloured wings and golden "crowns" of feathers.[1] Cranes fly with their necks extended outwards instead of bent into an S-shape (differentiating them from the similar-looking herons)[3] and their long legs outstretched. They also have musical, long-reaching calls and elaborate courtship displays.[2]

Cranes are threatened by

near-threatened. The species with the smallest estimated population is the whooping crane, which is conservatively thought to number 50–249 mature individuals,[5] and the one with the largest is the sandhill crane, which has an estimated population of 450,000–550,000 mature individuals.[6]

There are currently 15 extant species of crane recognised by the International Ornithologists' Union distributed among four genera.[7] The cranes are most closely related to the family Aramidae, which contains a single extant species, the limpkin.[1][8] These two families, together with the trumpeters, rails, and finfoots, comprise the order Gruiformes.[7] Many species of fossil cranes are known from the Eocene onwards; however, their exact number and taxonomy are unsettled due to ongoing discoveries.[9]

Conventions

 CR 
Critically Endangered (1 species)
 EN Endangered (2 species)
 VU Vulnerable (7 species)
 NT Near threatened (1 species)
 LC Least concern (4 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the

IOC World Bird List
for that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.

This list follows the taxonomic treatment (designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List.[7] Where the taxonomy proposed by the IOC World Bird List conflicts with the taxonomy followed by the IUCN[a] or the 2023 edition of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, the disagreement is noted next to the species's common name (for nomenclatural disagreements) or scientific name (for taxonomic disagreements).

Classification

The

Anthropoides.[11]
Gruidae  
Balearica  

Grey crowned crane (B. regulorum)

Black crowned crane (B. pavonina)

Leucogeranus  

Siberian crane (L. leucogeranus)

Antigone  

Sandhill crane (A. canadensis)

White-naped crane (A. vipio)

Brolga (A. rubicunda)

Sarus crane (A. antigone)

Grus  

Wattled crane (G. carunculatus)

Demoiselle crane (G. virgo)

Blue crane (G. paradisea)

Red-crowned crane (G. japonensis)

Whooping crane (G. americana)

Common crane (G. grus)

Black-necked crane (G. nigricollis)

Hooded crane (G. monacha)

Cladogram depicting relationships among the cranes, based on a 2021 study of genetic and behavioural data.[11]

Gruids

Genus Balearica – Brisson, 1760 – 2 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Grey crowned crane

Grey crane with white wings, patterned face, and yellow crown

B. regulorum
(Bennett, 1834)

Two subspecies
  • B. r. gibbericeps
  • B. r. regulorum
Eastern and southeastern Africa
Map of range 		 EN 


17,700–22,300 Population decreasing[12]

Black crowned crane

Black crane with white wings, red face, and yellow crown

B. pavonina
Linnaeus, 1758

Two subspecies
  • B. p. ceciliae
  • B. p. pavonina
Northern, central, and western Africa
Map of range 		 VU 


28,000–47,000 Population decreasing[13]

Genus
Leucogeranus – Bonaparte
, 1855 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Siberian crane

White crane with dull red face

L. leucogeranus
(Pallas, 1773) 		Northwestern Palearctic and east-central Siberia
Map of range
 CR 


3,500–4,000 Population decreasing[4]

Genus Antigone – Reichenbach, 1853 – 4 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Sandhill crane

Greyish-white crane with red forehead

A. canadensis
(
Linnaeus
, 1758))

Five subspecies
  • A. c. canadensis
  • A. c. tabida
  • A. c. pratensis
  • A. c. pulla
  • A. c. nesiotes
North America
Map of range 		 LC 


450,000–550,000 Population increasing[6]

White-naped crane

Greyish crane with white-and-black neck and red face

A. vipio
(Pallas, 1811) 		Southeastern Siberia, northeastern Mongolia and northeastern China
Map of range 		 VU 


3,700–4,500 Population decreasing[14]

Sarus crane

Grey crane with red face and white neck

A. antigone
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Three subspecies
  • A. a. antigone
  • A. a. sharpii
  • A. a. gillae
Northern India, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia
Map of range 		 VU 


13,000–15,000 Population decreasing[15]

Brolga

Grey crane with purplish-red face

A. rubicunda
(Perry, 1810) 		Australia and south-central New Guinea
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population decreasing[16]

Genus Grus – Brisson, 1760 – 8 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Wattled crane

Grey-and-black crane with white neck and wattled red face

G. carunculata[b]
(Gmelin, J. F., 1789) 		Southern and eastern Africa
Map of range 		 VU 


6,000–6,300 Population decreasing[18]

Blue crane

Greyish-blue crane with white forehead

G. paradisea[c]
(Lichtenstein, A. A. H., 1793) 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		 VU 


17,000–30,000 Population decreasing[19]

Demoiselle crane

Grey crane with black neck and red eyes

G. virgo[d]
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Asia and northwestern Africa
Map of range 		 LC 


230,000–261,000 Population increasing[20]

Red-crowned crane

Black-and-white crane with red forehead

G. japonensis
(Müller, P. L. S., 1776) 		East Asia and Siberia
Map of range 		 VU 


2,000–2,650 Population decreasing[21]

Whooping crane

White crane with black face and red top of head

G. americana
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		North America
Map of range 		 EN 


50–249 Population increasing[5]

Common crane

Grey crane with black, white, and red head

G. grus
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Afro-Eurasia
Map of range 		 LC 


491,000–503,000 Population increasing[22]

Hooded crane

Greyish-black crane with white neck and dark face

G. monacha
Temminck, 1835
Map of range 		 VU 


6,000–15,000 Population increasing[23]

Black-necked crane

White crane with black neck and red forehead

G. nigricollis
Przevalski, 1876 		India and China
Map of range 		 NT 


6,600–6,800 Population stable[24]

Notes

  1. ^ The IUCN follows the taxonomy proposed by the HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist.[10]
  2. ^ The wattled crane is placed in the genus Bugeranus by the IUCN and Clements Checklist.[10][17]
  3. ^ The blue crane is placed in the genus Anthropoides by the IUCN and Clements Checklist.[10][17]
  4. ^ The Demoiselle crane is placed in the genus Anthropoides by the IUCN and Clements Checklist.[10][17]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2173/bow.gruida1.01. Archived
    from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4081-6265-1. Archived
    from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  3. ISBN 9781400874163
    . Herons usually fly with their necks retracted (coiled, unlike ibis, storks, and cranes) but occasionally extend their necks during shorter flights.
  4. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692053A134180990.en
    . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  5. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22692156A181242855.en
    . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  6. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22692078A188597759.en
    . Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (July 2023). "Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin". IOC World Bird List. v 13.2. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  8. S2CID 241328872. Archived
    from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  9. ^ "Fossilworks: Gruidae". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d "Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7". HBW and BirdLife International. 2022. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  11. ^
    ISSN 2053-7166
    .
  12. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692046A93334893.en
    . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  13. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692039A93334339.en
    . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  14. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692073A131927305.en
    . Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  15. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692064A93335364.en
    . Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  16. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692067A93335916.en
    . Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  17. ^ a b c Clements, James F.; Rasmussen, P. C.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, Denis; Billerman, S. M.; Sullivan, B. L.; Wood, C. L. (2023). "The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2023". Clements Checklist. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  18. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en
    . Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  19. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22692109A177514877.en
    . Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  20. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692081A131927771.en
    . Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  21. ^ BirdLife International (2022). "Grus japonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22692167A213488064. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  22. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692146A86219168.en
    . Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  23. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692151A93337861.en
    . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  24. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22692162A180030167.en
    . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
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