Logo (programming language)
REBOL, Boxer |
Logo is an
A general-purpose language, Logo is widely known for its use of
Logo is a
Logo is usually an
History
Logo was created in 1967 at
The first working Logo turtle robot was created in 1969. A display turtle preceded the physical floor turtle. Modern Logo has not changed very much from the basic concepts predating the first turtle. The first turtle was a tethered floor roamer, not
Turtle and graphics
Logo's most-known feature is the turtle (derived originally from
As a practical matter, the use of turtle geometry instead of a more traditional model mimics the actual movement logic of the turtle robot. The turtle moves with commands that are relative to its own position, LEFT 90 means spin left by 90 degrees. Some Logo implementations, particularly those that allow the use of concurrency and multiple turtles, support collision detection and allow the user to redefine the appearance of the turtle cursor, essentially allowing the Logo turtles to function as sprites.
Turtle geometry is also sometimes used in environments other than Logo as an alternative to a strictly coordinate-addressed graphics system. For instance, the idea of turtle graphics is also useful in
Implementations
Some modern derivatives of Logo allow thousands of independently moving turtles. There are two popular implementations: Massachusetts Institute of Technology's StarLogo and Northwestern University Center for Connected Learning's (CCL) NetLogo. They allow exploring emergent phenomena and come with many experiments in social studies, biology, physics, and other areas. NetLogo is widely used in agent-based simulation in the biological and social sciences.
Although there is no agreed-upon standard, there is a broad consensus on core aspects of the language. In March 2020, there were counted 308 implementations and dialects of Logo, each with its own strengths.[8] Most of those 308 are no longer in wide use, but many are still under development. Commercial implementations widely used in schools include MicroWorlds Logo and Imagine Logo.
Legacy and current implementations include:
- First released in 1980s
- Apple Logo for the Apple II Plus and Apple Logo Writer for the Apple IIe, developed by Logo Computer Systems, Inc. (LCSI), were the most broadly used and prevalent early implementations of Logo that peaked in the early to mid-1980s.
- Aquarius LOGO was released in 1982 on cartridge by Mattel for the Aquarius home computer.
- Atari 8-bit family.
- Color Logo was released in 1983 on cartridge (26-2722) and disk (26-2721) by Tandy for the TRS-80 Color Computer.
- Commodore Logo was released, with the subtitle "A Language for Learning", by Commodore International. It was based on MIT Logo and enhanced by Terrapin, Inc. The Commodore 64 version (C64105) was released on diskette in 1983; the Plus/4 version (T263001) was released on cartridge in 1984.[9][10]
- ExperLogo was released in 1985 on floppy by Expertelligence Inc. for the Macintosh 128K.
- Hot-Logo was released in the mid-1980s by EPCOM for the MSX 8-bit computers with its own set of commands in Brazilian Portuguese.
- TI Logo (for the TI-99/4A computer) was used in primary schools, emphasizing Logo's usefulness in teaching computing fundamentals to novice programmers.
- Sprite Logo, also developed by Logo Computer Systems Inc., had ten turtles that could run as independent processes. It ran on Apple II computers, with the aid of a Sprite Card inserted in one of the computer's slots.
- IBM marketed their own version of Logo (P/N 6024076), developed jointly by Logo Computer Systems, Inc. (LCSI), for their then-new IBM PC.
- ObjectLOGO is a variant of Logo with object-oriented programming extensions and lexical scoping. Version 2.7 was sold by Digitool, Inc.[11] It is no longer being developed or supported, and does not run on versions of the Mac operating system later than version 7.5.[12]
- Dr. Logo was developed by Digital Research and distributed in computers including the IBM PCjr,[13] Atari ST and the Amstrad CPC.[14][15][16]
- Acornsoft Logo was released in 1985. It is a commercial implementation of Logo for the 8-bit BBC Micro and Acorn Electron computers.[17] It was developed for Acorn Computers as a full implementation of Logo. It features multiple screen turtles and four-channel sound. It was provided on two 16kB ROMs, with utilities and drivers as accompanying software.[18]
- First released in 1990s
- In February 1990, Electron User published Timothy Grantham's simple implementation of Logo for the Acorn Electron under the article "Talking Turtle".[19]
- Comenius Logo is an implementation of Logo developed by Comenius University Faculty of Mathematics and Physics. It started development in December 1991, and is also known in other countries as SuperLogo, MultiLogo and MegaLogo.[20]
- Lego Logo is a version of Logo that can manipulate robotic Lego bricks attached to a computer.[21] It was implemented on the Apple II computing platform and was used in American and other grade schools in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[22] Lego Logo is a precursor to Scratch.[23]
- UCBLogo, also known as Berkeley Logo, is a free, cross-platform implementation of standard Logo last released in 2009. George Mills at MIT used UCBLogo as the basis for MSWLogo which is more refined and also free. Jim Muller wrote a book, The Great Logo Adventure, which was a complete Logo manual and which used MSWLogo as the demonstration language.[24] MSWLogo has evolved into FMSLogo.
- First released from 2000 onwards
- aUCBLogo is a rewrite and enhancement of UCBLogo.
- Imagine Logo is a successor of Comenius Logo, implemented in 2000.[25] The English version was released by Logotron Ltd. in 2001.[26]
- LibreLogo is an extension to some versions of LibreOffice. Released in 2012, it is written in Python. It allows vector graphics to be written in Writer.
- Logo3D is a tridimensional version of Logo.
- POOL is a dialect of Logo with object-oriented extensions, implemented in 2014. POOL programs are compiled and run in the graphical IDE on Microsoft Windows. A simplified, cross-platform environment is available for systems supporting .NET Framework.
- QLogo is an open-source and cross-platform rewrite of UCBLogo with nearly full UCB compatibility that uses hardware-accelerated graphics.
- Lynx is an online version of Logo developed by Logo Computer Systems Inc. It can run a large number of turtles, supports animation, parallel processes, colour and collision detection.
- LogoMor is an open-source online 3D Logo interpreter based on JavaScript and p5.js. It supports 3D drawings, animations, multimedia, 3D models and various tools. It also includes a fully-featured code editor based on CodeMirror
- LbyM is an open-source online Logo interpreter based on JavaScript, created and actively developed (as of 2021) for Sonoma State University's Learning by Making program.[27] It features traditional Logo programming, connectivity with a customized microcontroller and integration with a modern code editor.
Influence
Logo was a primary influence on the Smalltalk programming language. It is also the main influence on the Etoys educational programming environment and language, which is essentially a Logo variant written in Squeak (itself a variant of Smalltalk). Logo influenced the procedure/method model in AgentSheets and AgentCubes to program agents similar to the notion of a turtle in Logo. Logo provided the underlying language for Boxer. Boxer was developed at University of California, Berkeley and MIT and is based on a literacy model, making it easier to use for nontechnical people.[28]
KTurtle is a variation of Logo implemented at Qt for the KDE environment loosely based on Logo.[29]
Two more results of Logo's influence are
References
- hdl:1721.1/6226. Archivedfrom the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
- ^ Goldenberg, E. Paul (August 1982). "Logo – A Cultural Glossary". Byte. p. 218. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
- ^ CSLS Vol 1, Preface .pxvi, Harvey 1997
- ^ a b "Logo Foundation". el.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
- ^ "logothings". logothings.wikispaces.com. Archived from the original on 2011-12-07.
- ^ Pietrocola, Giorgio (2005). "Tartapelago". Maecla.
- ^ "The Logo Tree Project" (PDF). elica.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
- ^ Brain, Jim; Zimmerman, Bo (2017-10-30). "Canonical List of Commodore Products". Archived from the original on 2017-12-20. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
- ^ "Logo – Software Details". Plus/4 World. Archived from the original on 2017-12-04. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
- ^ Object Logo Archived 2008-04-30 at the Wayback Machine page on the Digitool website (accessed 4 March 2008)
- ^ Object Logo ordering page on the Digitool website (accessed 4 March 2008)
- ^ "Catalog Search | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org.
- ^ "Amstrad CPC 6128 - Computer - Computing History". www.computinghistory.org.uk.
- ^ "es:manual_del_amstrad_pcw_8256_8512_ingles [PcwWiki]". www.habisoft.com.
- ISBN 0-333-39566-2.
- ^ Radburn, Derek. "Four Logos for the BBC Micro". The Micro User Education Special. The Micro User. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "Talking Turtle". February 1990. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017.
- ^ "History of Comenius Logo". 2002-12-09. Archived from the original on 2002-12-09. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- S2CID 9263998. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- ^ "The Laboratory Schools LEGO-LOGO Project". University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.
- S2CID 214563715
- ^ Muller, Jim (November 2001). "MSWLogo, An Educational programming language". Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- OCLC 854959806.
- ^ "Imagine | Press Release". 2001-04-17. Archived from the original on 2001-04-17. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- ^ "Learning by Making ¦ Make@SSU". 14 August 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
- ^ "Boxer - EduTech Wiki". edutechwiki.unige.ch. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
- ^ "The KDE Education Project – KTurtle". edu.kde.org. Archived from the original on 2006-08-27.
Further reading
- To Artificial Intelligence (1976) Early AI textbook where Logo is used extensively. (Using the Edinburgh Universitydialect, AI2LOGO)
- Turtle Geometry Abelson and diSessa
- Children Designers, Idit Harel Caperton, Ablex Publishing Corporation ISBN 0893917885. Available online
- Learning With Logo, Daniel Watt, McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-07-068570-3. Available Through Amazon
- Teaching With Logo: Building Blocks For Learning, Molly Watt and Daniel Watt, Addison Wesley (now Pearson) 1986, ISBN 0-201-08112-1Available through Amazon
- "Logo" (PDF). Byte. Vol. 7, no. 8. McGraw-Hill. 1982. (Byte magazine special 1982 issue featuring multiple Logo articles).
External links
- Media related to Logo (programming language) at Wikimedia Commons
- Logo Programming at Wikibooks