Lolita (orca)
![]() Lolita performing in 1998 | |
Other name(s) | Tokitae[1] Toki Sk'aliCh'ehl-tenaut (Lummi nation)[2] |
---|---|
Species | Orca (Orcinus orca) |
Sex | Female |
Born | c. 1966[3] Cascadia, Canada |
Died | 18 August 2023[3] Miami Seaquarium, Miami, Florida, United States | (aged 56–57)
Years active | 1970–2022[4] |
Known for | Orca who lived at the Miami Seaquarium for 53 years |
Parent(s) | Ocean Sun (mother) |
Weight | ≈7,000 lb (3,200 kg)[5] |
Named after | Titular character in Nabokov's novel Lolita |
Lolita, also called Tokitae
In March 2023, the Seaquarium announced that plans were being made for Lolita to be moved to a pen in the Salish Sea for the remainder of her life. However on 18 August 2023, Lolita died from renal failure after exhibiting signs of distress over the prior two days.[9][10][11]
Life
Lolita was a member of
Miami Seaquarium veterinarian Jesse White purchased Lolita for about $20,000.[16] Upon arrival at the Seaquarium, Lolita joined a male southern resident orca named Hugo, who was also captured from Puget Sound and had lived in the Seaquarium for two years before her arrival.[17]
The young orca was initially called "Tokitae," which in Chinook Jargon means "Bright day, pretty colors".[18] However, given the age difference between the young female and Hugo, she was renamed Lolita after the heroine in Vladimir Nabokov's novel.[19] The Lummi Nation of Washington refers to her as Sk'aliCh'elh-tenaut, or, a female orca from an ancestral site in the Penn Cove area of the Salish Sea bioregion. They view her as a member of their "qwe 'lhol mechen," which translates to 'our relative under the water,' according to former tribal chairman Jeremiah "Jay" Julius.[20][18]
Lolita and Hugo lived together for ten years in the smallest orca tank in North America
In 2017, "the Miami Beach
Planned return to natal waters
On March 30, 2023, the Miami Seaquarium and its new owner, The Dolphin Company, announced a legally binding agreement with the Friends of Toki (formerly Friends of Lolita) non-profit organization[31] to move her to an ocean sanctuary in the San Juan Islands[2] in the Pacific Northwest, to live out her life in her natal waters.[32][33][10][11] In a joint official statement, the partners in the agreement declared, "Returning Lolita to her home waters does not mean releasing her into the open ocean. She is expected to remain under human care, in a protected habitat, for the rest of her life. Lolita will continue to receive enrichment, high-quality nutrition, medical care and love, all according to the approved plans by federal authorities."[34] After being fed by humans for decades, it was questionable whether she could sustain a wild hunting lifestyle, according to scientific opinion.[35] Lolita's trainers reiterated that she had become "dependent on people."[36] The move to Washington could not have proceeded until permits were granted by several government agencies, including the US Department of Agriculture.[37] Allowing Lolita to leave the protected sanctuary would not have been approved without additional government permits.[35] Jason Colby, historian and author of a book on captured orcas, including Lolita,[38] cautioned against unreasonable expectations for a release back into the wild after decades in captivity. Colby said that having her live out her remaining days in a sea pen in 'home waters' would be successful enough. "I fear that when people see that she's being brought home, people will imagine it's just going to be a sort of Free Willy moment where she swims over and connects with her family. I can't imagine that happening," he said.[39]
Motivated by his daughter, the CEO of The Dolphin Company, Eduardo Albor, said, "More than just moving Lolita to a place where she will be better, she will become a symbol for us and the future generations."[40] The decision was made in cooperation with Miami-Dade County, and Indianapolis Colts owner and philanthropist Jim Irsay. The plan included acclimating and transporting Li'i and Loke, two Pacific white-sided dolphins who are her companions, with Lolita to the Salish Sea.[32][41] Li'i remained with Lolita during the process, while Loke was instead transferred with her offspring Elelo to Shedd Aquarium in August 2023.[42]
When Lolita would have been moved, the transportation method would have been similar to the one used to move her to Miami in 1970. She was being trained to swim into a custom–made stretcher that a crane would lift into a container filled with ice water. The container would then have gone onto a plane to
The process of moving all three animals was expected to take between 18 and 24 months and cost an estimated $15–20 million, the majority of which would have been bankrolled by Irsay.[32] Collaborating with The Dolphin Company, the multi-faceted Friends of Toki (formerly Friends of Lolita) organization includes marine mammal scientists Diana Reiss and Roger Payne, Lummi elder Squil-le-he-le (Raynell Morris), Charles Vinick of the Whale Sanctuary Project, and Florida Keys developer[36] and philanthropist Pritam Singh. Albor said, "Regardless of different positions, we can make this extraordinary agreement happen."[31]
Health late in life
As reported by the
The monthly veterinary report of July 31, 2023, assessed that the pulmonary lesion was smaller. Bloodwork and chuff (blowhole exhalation samples) were unremarkable, with a very low white blood cell count in Lolita's chuff samples. In summary, the veterinarians were seeing incremental improvements in her health. Nonetheless, she was still fighting the chronic infection in her lung, and continued to receive daily Faropenem and antifungal medications.[45]
In addition to "feeding the highest quality salmon, herring, and capelin available on the market from 2023 catches," Lolita's care team had been introducing a small percentage of squid to her daily diet to benefit her gastrointestinal tract.[45]
Daily activity levels were steady. Trainers had been planning for Lolita's eventual move by shifting her activities away from performing tricks and stunts towards conditioning exercise to raise her fitness level.[36][45]
Improving water quality had been a focus for immediately improving Lolita's health and welfare. In May 2023, CEO Eduardo Albor said The Dolphin Company had invested more than $500,000 on upgrades to better filter the water and regulate water temperature.[47] These include an ozone generator to replace chlorine.[48][45] "New chillers can now get the temp down to mimic the waters of the Pacific Northwest, said trainer Michael Partica."[47] With very high temperatures in the Biscayne Bay source water, the two large portable chiller units enabled Lolita's pool temperature "to remain in the upper 50s [around 14°C], despite air and source water temperatures hovering in the upper 90s [around 37°C]. Round-the-clock maintenance of life support and water quality is being well managed by staff," the independent vets reported.[45]
Death
On August 18, 2023, Miami Seaquarium announced on their Facebook and Instagram that Lolita had died, apparently due to renal failure. They indicated that her health had been declining rapidly over the previous two days, and despite veterinarians' best efforts, she died that same afternoon.[49]
Later in the month, the Miami Seaquarium confirmed that, after the necropsy, Lolita's remains would be cremated and returned to her natal area, the Pacific Northwest.[50] On September 23, 2023, Lolita's remains were scattered off the coast of the Lummi Stommish Grounds in a traditional burial ceremony by members of the Lummi nation.[2]
On September 25, 2023, Miami Seaquarium announced that Li’i, the remaining 40-year-old male Pacific white-sided dolphin who was expected to be moved with Lolita, was relocated to SeaWorld San Antonio and reunited with family members and other Pacific white-sided dolphins to avoid remaining in solitary following Lolita's death.[51][52]
Necropsy
On August 29th, the Miami Seaquarium released a statement regarding the necropsy process, which began with an examination on August 19th. Analyses "could take more than four weeks." "'The necropsy was done in compliance with
Reactions to death
Following her death, PETA president Ingrid Newkirk released a statement, saying "Lolita was denied even a minute of freedom from her grinding 53 years in captivity", urged "families to honor Lolita's memory by never visiting marine parks", and called for more marine parks to release dolphins into sea sanctuaries.[55] Save Lolita, a group that had campaigned for the orca's release, stated that Lolita "will forever remind us of the urgent need to protect our oceans and the magnificent creatures that call them home."[56] World Animal Protection US's executive director Lindsay Oliver released a statement, saying "She deserved the freedom of the open sea, not a life confined to a small tank. It's time for this industry to end, so no more animals have to suffer like this. Swim free, Tokitae."[57]
After Lolita's death, Ted Griffin, the man who captured her from the Puget Sound, said he had "no regrets" about capturing orcas, except those who died from being dropped by slings, overheating during transport, or injured in captivity.[58]
Activism and governmental actions
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Miamiseaquariumlolita.jpg/220px-Miamiseaquariumlolita.jpg)
Urged by Orca Network,
On January 17, 2015, thousands of protesters from all over the world gathered outside the Miami Seaquarium to demand Lolita's release and asked other supporters worldwide to tweet "#FreeLolita" on Twitter.[68]
In 2017, a USDA audit found that Lolita's tank did not meet the legal size requirements per federal law.[69]
In 2018 the Lummi Nation traveled to the Seaquarium with a totem pole carved for Sk'aliCh'elh-tenaut (their name for Lolita), sang to her, and prayed that she would be returned to the Salish Sea. According to journalist Lynda Mapes, "The Seaquarium would not allow tribal members any closer than the public sidewalk outside the facility where the whale performs twice a day for food."[20] Seaquarium Curator Emeritus Robert Rose responded to the Lummi's journey, saying that the Lummi Nation "should be ashamed of themselves, they don't care about Lolita, they don't care about her best interests, they don't really care whether she lives or dies. To them, she is nothing more than a vehicle by which they promote their name, their political agenda, to obtain money and to gain media attention. Shame on them."[70] In response, environmental scholars and Julius argued that such statements are representative of a troubling pattern of discounting Native American knowledge and relationships, theft, and possession, which are "part and parcel of the possessive nature of settler colonialism."[71]
On September 24, 2020, the 50th anniversary of Lolita's arrival at the Seaquarium, tribal members of the Lummi Nation, joined by the local Seminole, traveled to Miami again, held a ceremony in support of Sk'aliCh'elh-tenaut, and demanded she be released to her native waters.[8] The totem pole journey was ongoing as of 2021.[72]
Some, such as the director of the University of British Columbia's Marine Mammal Research Unit, Andrew Trites, argued that Lolita was too old for life in the wild and that reintroducing her to the ocean after over fifty years in captivity would be "unethical" and a "death sentence".[73] However, other environmental scholars have posited that such arguments are representative of colonial conservation policies, stating that "The whales were killed and captured one at a time by settlers. If they can be killed or captured one at a time, there is no reason why the whales cannot be helped one at a time. Individual whales and pods can be cared for. 'Lolita' can be returned to her home waters."[71]
In March 2023, after the announcement of Lolita's move was decided, animal rights organizations, including PETA, World Animal Protection, and Animal Legal Defense Fund, openly supported the decision.[33][74]
Legal cases
In November 2011, the
On March 18, 2014, a judge dismissed ALDF's case challenging Miami Seaquarium's Animal Welfare Act license to display captive orcas.[78]
In June 2014, ALDF filed a notice of appeal of the District Court decision that found the USDA had not violated the law when it renewed Miami Seaquarium's AWA exhibitor license.[79]
See also
- List of captive orcas
- List of individual cetaceans
- Keiko (orca), the star of Free Willy, and the first captive orca released to the wild
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External links
- Sacred Sea Lolita news from Lummi Nation conservation non-profit
- Lolita: Slave to Entertainment film listed on IMDb