London King's Cross railway station
King's Cross | |
---|---|
London King's Cross | |
Location | King's Cross |
Local authority | London Borough of Camden |
Managed by | Network Rail |
Owner | Network Rail |
Station code | KGX |
DfT category | A |
Number of platforms | 11 (numbered 0–10) |
Accessible | Yes |
Fare zone | 1 |
OSI | King's Cross St Pancras London St Pancras London Euston [1] |
Cycle parking | Yes – platforms 0 & 1, 8, 9 and car park racks |
Toilet facilities | Yes |
National Rail annual entry and exit | |
2018–19 | 34.646 million[2] |
– interchange | 2.711 million[2] |
2019–20 | 32.532 million[2] |
– interchange | 2.412 million[2] |
2020–21 | 4.668 million[2] |
– interchange | 0.430 million[2] |
2021–22 | 20.476 million[2] |
– interchange | 1.422 million[2] |
2022–23 | 23.287 million[2] |
– interchange | 1.694 million[2] |
Railway companies | |
Original company | Great Northern Railway |
Pre-grouping | Great Northern Railway |
Post-grouping | London and North Eastern Railway |
Key dates | |
14 October 1852 | Opened |
Other information | |
External links | |
Coordinates | 51°31′51″N 0°07′24″W / 51.5309°N 0.1233°W |
London transport portal |
King's Cross railway station, also known as London King's Cross, is a passenger railway terminus in the London Borough of Camden, on the edge of Central London. It is in the London station group, one of the busiest stations in the United Kingdom and the southern terminus of the East Coast Main Line to Yorkshire and the Humber, North East England and Scotland. Adjacent to King's Cross station is St Pancras International, the London terminus for Eurostar services to continental Europe. Beneath both main line stations is King's Cross St Pancras tube station on the London Underground; combined, they form one of the country's largest and busiest transport hubs.
The station was opened in
In the late 20th century, the area around the station became known for its seedy and downmarket character, and was used as a backdrop for several films as a result. A major redevelopment was undertaken in the 21st century, including restoration of the original roof, and the station became well known for its association with the Harry Potter books and films, particularly the fictional Platform 9+3⁄4.
Location and name
The station stands on the
King's Cross can be spelled both with and without an apostrophe. King's Cross is used in signage at the Network Rail and London Underground stations, on the Tube map and on the official Network Rail webpage.[5] Kings Cross is used on the National Rail website.[6] The apostrophe rarely featured on early Underground maps, but has been consistently used on them since 1951.[7] Kings X, Kings + and London KX are abbreviations used in space-limited contexts. The National Rail station code is KGX.[8]
Station Layout
The station currently has 11 platforms, numbered 0 to 10 from east to west. Platforms 9 and 10 are short platforms and separated from platforms 0 to 8.
The station formerly had 12 platforms, numbered 0 to 11 from east to west, but following extensive track remodelling in 2021, platform 10 was taken out of use, with platform 11 being relabelled 10.[9]
History
Early history
The area of
Great Northern Railway (1850–1923)
King's Cross station was built in 1851–52 as the London terminus of the Great Northern Railway (GNR), and was the fifth London terminal to be constructed.[14] It replaced a temporary station next to Maiden Lane (now York Way) that had been quickly constructed with the line's arrival in London in 1850,[15] and had opened on 7 August 1850.[16]
The station took its name from the
Plans for the station were made in December 1848 under the direction of
The station, the biggest in England, opened on 14 October 1852.
A significant bottleneck in the early years of operations was at Gas Works tunnel underneath the Regent's Canal immediately to the north of the station, which was built with a single up track and a single down track. Commercial traffic was further impeded by having to cross over on-level running lines to reach the goods yard.[27] Grade separation of goods traffic was achieved by constructing the skew bridge that opened in August 1877, and the second and third Gas Works tunnels opened in 1878 and 1892 respectively.[31]
On 15 September 1881, a light engine and a coal train collided near the mouth of the Copenhagen Tunnel north of the station because of a signalman's error. One person was killed and another was severely injured.[32] Bad weather contributed to occasional flooding in the tunnels. One such incident in July 1901 suspended all traffic from the station for more than four hours, which happened at no other London terminus.[33]
King's Cross sustained no damage during World War I even though large amounts of high explosives were carried to the station in passenger trains during the war. When possible, trains were parked in tunnels in the event of enemy aircraft overhead.[34]
London and North Eastern Railway (1923–1948)
Kings Cross came into the ownership of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) following the Railways Act 1921. The LNER made improvements to various amenities, including toilets and dressing rooms underneath what is now platform 8.[35] The lines through the Gas Works tunnels were remodelled between 1922 and 1924 and improved signalling made it easier to manage the increasing number of local trains.[36]
A number of famous trains have been associated with King's Cross, such as the
King's Cross handled large numbers of troops alongside civilian traffic during World War II. Engine shortages meant that up to 2,000 people had to be accommodated on each train. In the early hours of Sunday 11 May 1941, two 1,000 pounds (450 kg) bombs fell on the, then, platform 10 at the west side of the station, damaging a newspaper train in that platform and destroying the general offices, booking hall and a bar, and bringing down a large section of roof. Twelve people were killed.[40]
On 4 February 1945, a passenger train to Leeds and Bradford stalled in Gasworks Tunnel, ran back and was derailed in the station. Two people were killed and 25 were injured. Services were not fully restored until 23 February.[41][42]
British Rail (1948–1996)
Following
The construction of the Victoria line and its interchange at King's Cross was seen by British Rail as an opportunity to modernise the station.[46] A single-storey extension containing the main passenger concourse and ticket office, designed in-house, was built at the front of the station in 1972. Although intended to be temporary, it was still standing 40 years later, obscuring the Grade I-listed façade of the original station.[47] Before the extension was built, the façade was hidden behind a small terrace of shops. The extension was demolished in late 2012,[48] revealing the Lewis Cubitt architecture. In its place, the 75,000-square-foot (7,000 m2) King's Cross Square was created, and opened to the public on 26 September 2013.[49]
On 10 September 1973, a Provisional IRA bomb exploded in the booking hall at 12.24 p.m., causing extensive damage and injuring six people, some seriously. The 3 lb (1.4 kg) device was thrown without warning by a youth who escaped into the crowd and was not caught.[50]
King's Cross was a London terminus for
The King's Cross fire in 1987 started in the machine room for a wooden escalator between the main line station and the London Underground station's Piccadilly line platforms. The escalator burned and much of the tube station caught fire, killing 31 people, with smoke spreading to the main line station.[52]
In 1987, British Rail proposed building a new station with four platforms for international trains through the Channel Tunnel, and four for Thameslink trains under King's Cross. After six years of design work, the plans were abandoned, and the international terminal was constructed at St Pancras.[30]
British Rail completed electrification of the East Coast Main Line to Leeds and Edinburgh between 1985 and 1991, and electric InterCity 225 rolling stock was introduced to work express services. These began service between King's Cross and Leeds on 2 October 1989, and to Edinburgh on 8 July 1991.[53][54]
Privatisation (1996–present)
Before privatisation, the King's Cross area had a reputation for run-down buildings and prostitution in front of the main entrance. There was a major clean-up during the 1990s and the station's atmosphere was much improved by the end of the decade.[30]
Following the privatisation of British Rail in 1996, express services into the station were taken over by the Great North Eastern Railway (GNER). The company refurbished the British Rail Mark 4 "Mallard" rolling stock used for long-distance services from King's Cross and the inauguration of the new-look trains took place in the presence of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh in 2003.[55]
GNER successfully re-bid for the franchise in 2005, but surrendered it in the following year.[56] National Express East Coast took over the franchise in late 2007 after an interim period when trains ran under a management contract.[57] In 2009, it was announced that National Express was no longer willing to finance the East Coast subsidiary, and the franchise was taken back into public ownership and handed over to East Coast in November.[58] In March 2015 the franchise was re-privatised and taken over by Virgin Trains East Coast.[59] In November 2017, Transport Secretary Chris Grayling announced the early termination of the East Coast franchise in 2020, three years ahead of schedule, following losses on the route by the operator. The current provider of ECML services is London North Eastern Railway.[60][61]
Restoration
The £500 million restoration plan announced by Network Rail in 2005 was approved by Camden London Borough Council in 2007.[63] It involved restoring and reglazing the original arched train shed roof and removing the 1972 extension at the front of the station and replacing it with an open-air plaza.[62][64]
The new semi-circular departures concourse opened to the public in March 2012.
Land between and behind Kings Cross and St Pancras stations is being redeveloped as
In October 2021, Lumo commenced operating services to Edinburgh Waverley via Stevenage, Newcastle and Morpeth.[73][74][75]
Remodelling
In January 2018, it was announced that half the station would close for 3 months from January to March 2020 for remodelling work to the station and its approach, expected to cost £237 million. This includes rationalisation of the tracks, reopening the third tunnel to the approach of the station and closure of platform 10.[76][77] In June 2021, Network Rail released a time lapse video showing the completion of the works.[78]
Accidents and incidents
There have been many passenger train accidents at King's Cross over the years. The most serious were the King's Cross railway accident on 4 February 1945 which killed two people and injured 25[41][42] and a collision in Gasworks Tunnel on 15 September 1881 which killed one person and seriously injured another.[32] The most recent was on 17 September 2015 when a passenger train collided with the buffer stops, injuring fourteen people.[79][80] There have also been a number of accidents which killed or injured railway employees.[81]
On 5 November 1979, Martin Allen was seen saying goodbye to his friends at King's Cross. He set off in the direction of the Piccadilly line platform, but he was never seen again.[82] The station is also where Andrew Gosden was last seen before going missing on 14 September 2007. He had caught a train there from Doncaster under controversial and unexplained circumstances.[83]
Other stations
King's Cross York Road
From 1863, part of King's Cross was an intermediate station. On the extreme east of the site, King's Cross York Road station was served by suburban trains from
Great Northern Cemetery Station
The Great Northern Cemetery Station was built just to the east of the northern portal to Gasworks Tunnel, to connect the city to New Southgate Cemetery. It opened in 1861 but was never profitable as it only ran for 7 miles (11 km) and closed two years later.[85]
Services
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call at Pontefract Monkhill. |
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The station hosts services on inter-city routes to the East of England, Yorkshire, North East England and eastern and northern Scotland, connecting to major cities and towns such as Cambridge, Peterborough, Hull, Doncaster, Leeds, Bradford, York, Middlesbrough, Sunderland, Newcastle, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Inverness. Since June 2018, these major routes have been under government control, taking over from Stagecoach and Virgin.[86]
Train services
Five train operating companies run services from King's Cross:
London North Eastern Railway
London North Eastern Railway operates high speed inter-city services along the East Coast Main Line.[87] The standard off-peak service pattern is as follows:
- 1tph to Lincoln or York (alternating)
- 2tph to Leeds, of which 1tp2h is extended further into West Yorkshire.
- 1tph (fast service) to Edinburgh Waverley via Newcastle
- 1tph (semi-fast service) to Edinburgh Waverley or Newcastle calling at most stations en route.
Govia Thameslink Railway
Govia Thameslink Railway operates outer-suburban services to North London, Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire and West Norfolk under their Thameslink and Great Northern brands.[88]
- 2tph to Letchworth Garden City, with 1tph extending to Cambridge
- 2tph to Cambridge (express services) extended to Kings Lynn(alternating)
Peak times 2tph to Peterborough via Stevenage (express services)
Hull Trains
Hull Trains operates 5 inter-city services per weekday to Hull and 2 per weekday to Beverley[89] via the East Coast Main Line. Unlike other train companies in FirstGroup, Hull Trains operates under an open-access arrangement and is not a franchised train operating company.[90]
Grand Central
On Monday-Friday, there are 4 trains per day to Bradford Interchange (of which 2 will call at Pontefract Monkhill) and 5 trains per day to Sunderland.
Lumo
Lumo operates five services per day to Edinburgh via Newcastle. Most trains run non-stop to Newcastle, then call only at Morpeth and Edinburgh, but some also call to pick up passengers at Stevenage.[94]
Routes
Preceding station | National Rail | Following station | ||
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Terminus | Hull Trains London-Hull/Beverley |
Stevenage or Grantham | ||
London North Eastern Railway London-Leeds/Harrogate |
Stevenage or Peterborough | |||
Flying Scotsman London-Edinburgh
|
Newcastle | |||
London North Eastern Railway London-Edinburgh |
Peterborough or York | |||
London North Eastern Railway London-Newcastle/Edinburgh semi-fast |
Stevenage or Peterborough | |||
London North Eastern Railway London-Lincoln/York |
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London North Eastern Railway London-Hull One train a day |
Peterborough | |||
London North Eastern Railway London-Middlesbrough One train per weekday |
York | |||
Grand Central North Eastern London-Sunderland |
Peterborough or York | |||
Grand Central West Riding London-Bradford Interchange |
Peterborough or Doncaster | |||
Great Northern Cambridge Cruiser |
Cambridge | |||
London-Kings Lynn/Ely
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Thameslink London-Cambridge (Semi-fast) |
Finsbury Park | |||
Terminus | Lumo London to Edinburgh |
Stevenage | ||
Newcastle | ||||
Disused railways | ||||
Finsbury Park | British Rail Eastern Region City Widened Lines |
Farringdon via King's Cross York Road | ||
Historical railways | ||||
Terminus | Great Northern Railway East Coast Main Line |
Holloway & Caledonian Road Line open, station closed |
London Underground station
King's Cross station shares a London Underground station with neighbouring St Pancras station. King's Cross St Pancras tube station is served by more lines than any other station on the London Underground. In 2022, King's Cross St Pancras was the most used station on the system, with 69.94 million passengers entering and exiting the station.[95] It is in Travelcard Zone 1 and caters for both King's Cross and the neighbouring St Pancras railway station.
The station opened as part of the first section of
The Victoria line platforms were opened on 1 December 1968.[97][100] A major expansion to accommodate High Speed 1 at St Pancras opened in November 2009.[101]
In popular culture
In fiction
The station is mentioned in Chapter 2 of
In the 1994 children's book The Secret of Platform 13 by Eva Ibbotson. Platform 13 of King's Cross Station in London has been closed for years. Changes to the platform always result in failure for mysterious reasons. The reason is that the platform hides a gump, described as an "opening that opens once every nine years for nine days". The gump leads to the Island, a wonderful mythical paradise filled with both normal and magical creatures.
King's Cross features in the
Within King's Cross, a cast-iron "Platform 9+3⁄4" plaque was erected in 1999, initially in a passageway connecting the main station to the platform 9–11 annexe. Part of a luggage trolley was installed below the sign: the near end of the trolley was visible, but the rest had disappeared into the wall. The location quickly became a popular tourist spot amongst Harry Potter fans.[107] The sign and a revamped trolley, complete with luggage and bird cage, were relocated in 2012, following the development of the new concourse building, and are now sited next to a Harry Potter merchandise shop. Because of the temporary buildings obscuring the façade of the real King's Cross station until 2012, the Harry Potter films showed St. Pancras in exterior station shots instead.[107]
When
In film
The station, its surrounding streets and the railway approach feature prominently in the 1955
The 1986 crime drama film
Pet Shop Boys released a song titled "King's Cross" on the 1987 album Actually and the station was extensively filmed in for the group's 1988 feature film It Couldn't Happen Here. The band's singer Neil Tennant said that the station was a recognisable landmark coming into London, attempting to find opportunities away from the high unemployment areas of Northeast England at the time. The song was primarily about "hopes being dashed" and "an epic nightmare".[114] The group subsequently asked filmmaker Derek Jarman to direct a background video for "King's Cross" for their 1989 tour, which featured a black and white sequence of juddery camera movements around the local area.[115] Despite the song's reference to "dead and wounded on either side", it was actually released a few months before the King's Cross fire.
Monopoly
King's Cross station is a square on the British
References
Notes
- ^ Lewis Cubitt was also responsible for the design of the Great Northern Hotel (see below).
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{{cite book}}
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- ^ Hill, Jim (14 March 2014). "Universal Orlando Will Use Lifelike Animation and Live Special Effects to Recreate Harry Potter's journey aboard the Hogwarts Express". Huffington Post.
- ^ MacDonald, Brady (30 May 2014). "A double dose of Harry Potter coming to Universal Orlando". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Veness, Simon (19 June 2014). "Inside Harry Potter's Diagon Alley, Universal Studios". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
a one-fourth scale replica of King's Cross station
- ISBN 978-1-782-83025-2.
- ISBN 978-0-718-19204-4.
- ^ Campkin 2013, p. 112.
- ^ Campkin 2013, p. 84.
- ^ Campkin 2013, p. 85.
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 159.
Sources
- "Stations Run by Network Rail". Network Rail. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- "London Kings Cross (KGX)". National Rail Enquiries. National Rail. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
- Campkin, Ben (2013). Remaking London: Decline and Regeneration in Urban Culture. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-857-73416-7.
- Christopher, John (2013). King's Cross Station Through Time. ISBN 978-1-445-62359-7.
- Day, John R.; Reed, John (2008) [1963]. The Story of London's Underground (10th ed.). Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-316-7.
- Gourvish, Terry; Anson, Mike (2004). British Rail 1974–1997 : From Integration to Privatisation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19926-909-9.
- Jackson, Alan A. (1984) [1969]. London's Termini. London: David & Charles. ISBN 0-330-02747-6.
- Menear, Laurence (1983). London's underground stations: a social and architectural study. Midas. ISBN 978-0-859-36124-8.
- Moore, Tim (2003). Do Not Pass Go. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-099-43386-6.
- Rose, Douglas (2016) [1980]. The London Underground, A Diagrammatic History (9th ed.). Douglas Rose/Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-404-1.
- Sharpe, Brian (2009). The Flying Scotsman: The Legend Lives on. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-845-63090-4.
- Simmons, Jack; Biddle, Gordon (1997). The Oxford Companion to British Railway History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-019-211697-0.
- Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, Julia; Keay, John (2010). ISBN 978-1-4050-4924-5.
- Wolmar, Christian (2004). The Subterranean Railway: How the London Underground Was Built and How It Changed the City Forever. Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-023-1.
External links
- History of Kings Cross, at the LNER Encyclopedia
- Pictures of the new concourse opened in March 2012 (Evening Standard website)
- "Article on new colour light signals, 1933". NZETC. 1933.