Lost film
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A lost film is a feature or short film in which the original negative or copies are not known to exist in any studio archive, private collection, or public archive.[1] Films can be wholly or partially lost for a number of reasons. Early films were not thought to have value beyond their theatrical run, so many were discarded afterward. Nitrate film used in early pictures was highly flammable and susceptible to degradation. The Library of Congress began acquiring copies of American films in 1909, but not all were kept. Due to improvements in film technology and recordkeeping, few films produced in the 1950s or beyond have been lost.
Rarely, but occasionally films classified as lost are found in an uncataloged or miscataloged archive or private collection, becoming "rediscovered films".
Conditions
During most of the 20th century, U.S. copyright law required at least one copy of every American film to be deposited at the Library of Congress at the time of copyright registration, but the Librarian of Congress was not required to retain those copies: "Under the provisions of the act of March 4, 1909, authority is granted for the return to the claimant of copyright of such copyright deposits as are not required by the Library."[2]
A report by Library of Congress film historian and archivist David Pierce estimates that:
- around 75% of original silent-era films have perished;
- only 14% of the 10,919 silent films released by major studios exist in their original 35 mm or other formats;
- 11% survive only in full-length foreign versions or film formats of lesser image quality.[1][3]
Of the American sound films made from 1927 to 1950, an estimated half have been lost.[4]
The phrase "lost film" can also be used for instances where footage of deleted scenes, unedited, and alternative versions of feature films are known to have been created but can no longer be accounted for. Sometimes, a copy of a lost film is rediscovered. A film that has not been recovered in its entirety is called a partially lost film. For example, the 1922 film Sherlock Holmes was considered lost but eventually rediscovered with some of the original footage missing.
Stills
Many film studios hired a
In some cases, such as London After Midnight, the surviving coverage is so extensive that an entire lost film can be reconstructed scene by scene from still photographs. Stills have been used to stand in for missing footage when making new preservation prints of partially lost films: for example, with the Gloria Swanson picture Sadie Thompson.
Reasons for film loss
Most lost films originate from the silent film and early talkie era, from about 1894 to 1930.[7] Martin Scorsese's Film Foundation estimates that more than 90% of American films produced before 1929 are lost,[8] and the Library of Congress estimates that 75% of all silent films are lost forever.[9]
The largest cause of silent-film loss is intentional destruction. Before the eras of home cinema, television and home video, films were considered to have little future value when their theatrical runs ended. Similarly, silent films were perceived as worthless after the end of the silent era. Film preservationist Robert A. Harris has said, "Most of the early films did not survive because of wholesale junking by the studios. There was no thought of ever saving these films. They simply needed vault space and the materials were expensive to house."[10] The studios could earn money by recycling film for its silver content. Many Technicolor two-color negatives from the 1920s and 1930s were discarded when studios simply refused to reclaim their films, still being held by Technicolor in its vaults. Some used prints were sold to scrap dealers and ultimately edited into short segments for use with small, hand-cranked 35 mm movie projectors, which were sold as a toy for showing brief excerpts from Hollywood films at home.
Many other early motion pictures are lost because the
Nitrate film is also chemically unstable and over time can decay into a sticky mass or a powder akin to
Some pre-1931 sound films produced by Warner Bros. and First National have been lost because they used a sound-on-disc system with a separate soundtrack on special phonograph records. In the 1950s, when 16 mm sound-on-film reduction prints of early talkies were produced for television syndication, such films without complete soundtrack discs were at risk of permanent loss. Many sound-on-disc films have survived only by way of these 16 mm prints.
As a consequence of this widespread lack of care, the work of many early filmmakers and performers exists in the present day only in fragmentary form. A high-profile example is the case of Theda Bara, one of the most famous actresses of the early silent era. Bara appeared in 40 films, but only six are now known to exist. Clara Bow was equally celebrated in her heyday, but 20 of her 57 films are completely lost, and another five are incomplete.[13] Once-popular stage actresses who transitioned to silent films, such as Pauline Frederick and Elsie Ferguson, have little left of their film performances. Fewer than ten movies exist from Frederick's work from 1915–1928, and Ferguson has two surviving films, one from 1919 and the other from 1930, her only talkie. All of the film performances of the stage actress and Bara rival Valeska Suratt have been lost. Only three of the films of Fox's William Farnum, an early screen Western star, have survived. Others, such as Francis X. Bushman and William Desmond, accumulated numerous film credits, but films produced in their heyday are missing because of junking, neglect, warfare or the demise of their studios. However, unlike Suratt and Bara, because Bushman and Desmond continued working into the sound era and even on television, their later performances survive.
Films were sometimes destroyed deliberately. In 1921, actor Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle was charged with the murder of actress Virginia Rappe. Following a series of trials, he was ultimately acquitted, but not before his name had become so toxic that studios engaged in the systematic destruction of all films in which he had a starring role.[14] The Charlie Chaplin-produced A Woman of the Sea was destroyed by Chaplin himself as a tax write-off.[15]
In contrast, the filmography of
In March 2019, the National Film Archive of India reported that 31,000 of its film reels had been lost or destroyed.[16]
Later lost films
An improved 35 mm safety film was introduced in 1949. Since safety film is much more stable than nitrate film, comparatively few films were lost after about 1950. However, color fading of certain color stocks and vinegar syndrome threaten the preservation of films made since that time.
Most mainstream films from the 1950s and later survive today, but several early pornographic films and some B movies are lost. In most cases, these obscure films are unnoticed and unknown, but some films by noted cult directors have been lost as well.
- Several films by Kenneth Anger from throughout his career have been lost for a variety of reasons.
- The 1972 film Blu-ray discin 2018.
- The Noble Experiment (1955), the first feature film by director/writer Tom Graeff (in which he played a misunderstood genius scientist), was considered lost for many years until it was found by Elle Schneider during the production of The Boy from Out of This World, a documentary about Graeff.
- Most of the early films of Andy Milligan are considered lost.
- Many short sponsored films produced for educational, training or religious purposes from the 1940s through the 1970s are lost, as they were considered disposable or upgradable.
- Some of the first roles of Jackie Chan and Sammo Hung, including those in Big and Little Wong Tin Bar, were considered lost until their discovery and rerelease in 2016.
- The first three films of noted Finnish melodramatic actor and director Teuvo Tulio were lost, along with several other films of interest for historians of Finnish cinema, when Adams Filmi's film depository was destroyed by fire in Helsinki in 1959.
- Some early color films such as The Show of Shows (1929) and Golden Dawn (1930) exist only in partial or complete black-and-white format because the extant copies were created on black-and-white stock.
- Two three-dimensional films from 1954, Top Banana and Southwest Passage, survived in two-dimensional format because only one print, made for either the left or right eye, exists.
- The original versions of some films that have undergone revision or reediting have been destroyed.
Lost film soundtracks
Some films produced from 1926–31 using the Vitaphone sound-on-disc system, in which the soundtrack is separate from the film, are now considered lost because the soundtrack discs were lost or destroyed, while the picture elements survive. Conversely, and more commonly, some early sound films survive only as sets of soundtrack discs, with the picture elements completely missing, such as The Man from Blankley's (1930), or surviving only in fragmentary form, such as Gold Diggers of Broadway (1929) and The Rogue Song (1930), two highly popular and profitable early musicals in two-color Technicolor.
Many
The original isolated scoring session recordings for the soundtrack of the 1968 musical-fantasy Chitty Chitty Bang Bang were either lost or discarded when United Artists merged its archives, with only the original cut soundtrack recording on the standard 12-inch LP left, as well as several CD releases with mediocre remastering, although still lacking the complete score without dialogue.
List of lost films
List of incomplete or partially lost films
This list consists of films for which any footage survives, including trailers and clips reused in other films.
Rediscovered films
Occasionally, prints of films considered lost have been rediscovered. An example is the 1910 version of Frankenstein, which was believed lost for decades until the existence of a print (which had been in the hands of an unwitting collector for years) was discovered in the 1970s. A print of Richard III (1912) was found in 1996 and restored by the American Film Institute. In 2013, an early Mary Pickford film, Their First Misunderstanding, notable for being the first film in which she was credited by name, was found in a New Hampshire barn and donated to Keene State College.[18]
In the early 2000s, the German film
In 2010, digital copies of ten early American films were presented to the Library of Congress by the Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library, the first film installment from the Russian state archives to be repatriated.[21]
In 2018, the rediscovered 1898 film Something Good – Negro Kiss was inducted into the National Film Registry. Its portrayal of a warm, loving Black couple stands in stark contrast to the typically racist portrayals of that era.[22]
Sometimes, a film believed lost in its original state has been restored, either through the process of colorization or other restoration methods. "The Cage," the original 1964 pilot film for Star Trek, survived only in a black-and-white print until 1987, when a film archivist found an unmarked (mute) 35 mm reel in a Hollywood film laboratory with the negative trims of the unused scenes.[23]
Stock footage
Several films that would otherwise be entirely lost partially survive as stock footage used for later films.
For example, the Universal Pictures short Boo! (1932) contains the only remaining footage of the Universal feature film The Cat Creeps (1930). However, UCLA still has a copy of the soundtrack. The James Cagney film Winner Take All (1932) used scenes from the early talkie Queen of the Night Clubs (1929), starring Texas Guinan; that footage is all that remains of the earlier film.
Actress-turned-gossip columnist Hedda Hopper made her screen debut in the Fox Film The Battle of Hearts (1916). Twenty-six years later, in 1942, Hopper produced her short series "Hedda Hopper's Hollywood #2". In the short, Hopper, William Farnum (the film's star), her son William Hopper, and William Hopper's wife Jane Gilbert view brief portions of The Battle of Hearts. More than likely, Hopper had an entire print of the movie in 1942. However, like many early Fox films, The Battle of Hearts is now lost or missing.
One of the best-known of Charlie Chaplin's works, the silent film The Gold Rush (1925), was re-released in 1942 to include a musical track and narration by Chaplin himself. The reissue would end up having the unintentional result of preserving the film, as the original film (though generally not considered a lost film) shows noticeable degradation of image and missing frames, damage not evident in the 1942 version.
The Polish film O czym się nie mówi (1939) contains three short fragments of Arabella (1917), one of the early films of Pola Negri which were later lost.
In film and television
Several films have been made with lost film fragments incorporated into the work.
The 2016 documentary
The mockumentary Forgotten Silver, made by Peter Jackson, purports to show recovered footage of early films. Instead, the filmmakers used newly shot film sequences to look like lost films.
In the double feature Grindhouse (2007), both segments—Planet Terror (directed by Robert Rodriguez) and Death Proof (directed by Quentin Tarantino)—have references to missing reels, used as plot devices.
"Cigarette Burns", an episode of the horror anthology series Masters of Horror directed by John Carpenter, deals with the search for a fictional lost film, "La Fin Absolue Du Monde" ("The Absolute End of The World").
See also
- Archive Treasure Hunt
- Digital permanence
- Found film
- List of missing treasures
- List of unpublished books
- Lost media
- Preservation (library and archival science)
References
- ^ a b Pierce, David. "The Survival of American Silent Films: 1912-1929" (PDF). Library Of Congress. Council on Library and Information Resources and the Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
- ^ "Report of the Register of Copyrights for the Fiscal Year 1912–1913" (PDF). Library of Congress. p. 141. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
- ISBN 978-0786408368. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
It is often claimed that 75 percent of all American silent films are gone and 50 percent of all films made prior to 1950 are lost; such figures, as archivists admit in private, were thought up on the spur of the moment, without statistical information to back them up.
- New York Times. Archivedfrom the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-307-87516-7.
- (retrieved May 5, 2014).
- ^ "Silent Era : Presumed Lost". www.silentera.com. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2005.
- ^ Film Preservation Archived March 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, The Film Foundation.
- The Wire. Archived from the originalon November 5, 2014. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
- ^ Robert A. Harris, public hearing statement Archived March 14, 2022, at the Wayback Machine to the National Film Preservation Board of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., February 1993.
- ISBN 978-0-86196-652-3.
- ISBN 0-684-18414-1.
- ^ "Clara Bow". The Clara Bow Page. Archived from the original on November 28, 1999.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ISBN 978-1-844259-50-2.
- ISBN 9780813139944. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
- ^ "Over 31,000 film reels 'lost or destroyed' at National Films Archives of India: CAG report". indianexpress.com. March 18, 2019. Archived from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
- ^ Paumgarten, Nick (October 18, 2004). "Weird Love". In the Vault. New Yorker.
- ^ Mason, Anthony (September 24, 2013). "Lost Mary Pickford movie discovered in N.H. barn". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 25, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
- ^ Faraci, Devin (July 3, 2008). "METROPOLIS REBORN". CHUD. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008.
- ^ "Lost scenes of 'Metropolis' discovered in Argentina". The Local. July 2, 2008. Archived from the original on August 20, 2008.
- ^ "'Lost' silent movies found in Russia, returned to U.S." cnn.com. October 21, 2010. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ "Silent film of black couple's kiss added to National Film Registry - University of Chicago News". news.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
- ^ Bob Furmanek, post to Classic Horror Film Board Archived March 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, April 21, 2008. The reconstruction used the soundtrack of Roddenberry's 16mm print for those scenes otherwise without sound.
Further reading
- Hansen, Kathleen A.; Paul, Nora (2017). Future-proofing the news : preserving the first draft of history. Rowman & Littlefield. OCLC 961007777.
External links
- List of Lost Films article category section on the Lost Media Wiki
- Presumed Lost list at SilentEra
- International Lost Films Database
- Historic Fires at Universal Studios essay
- A Lost Film blog about lost films, outtakes, etc.
- "How Do Silent Films Become "Lost"?" essay at Silent-ology
- The Lost Movies list of 1970s titles at the Wayback Machine
- Film Threat's Top 50 Lost Films of All Time and Version 2.0
- Lost Forever: The Art of Film Preservation (2013) documentary
- American Silent Feature Film Database at the Library of Congress
- List of 7200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films 1912-29 at the Library of Congress
- Vitaphone Project finds and restores Vitaphone films and their soundtrack discs