Lusones

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The Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC.

The Lusones (

Guadalajara.[1]
They were eliminated by the Romans as a significant threat in the end of the 2nd century BC.

Origins

The extent of the Lusones people is shown in blue.

They spoke a variety of the Celtiberian language and were a subdivision of the Celtiberians.[2] There is an overwhelming amount of evidence that the ancestors of the Celtiberian groups were installed in the Meseta area of the Iberian Peninsula from at least 1000 BC and probably much earlier.[3]

A mixed people, they included elements of early

Lusitani
, with the latter people being actually an off-shot of the Lusones that migrated to the west of the Peninsula during the 4th Century BC.

Location

The Greek geographer

Moncayo range (Latin: Mons Chaunus) between the Queiles and Huecha rivers, occupying the western Zaragoza and most of Soria, stretching to the northeastern fringe of nearby Guadalajara and southern Navarre
provinces.

Their presumed capital was Turiaso or Turiasso (

La Rioja) by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus the Elder in 181 BC.[12][13][14]

History

The Lusones joined their neighbours the

Celtiberian Confederacy[15] in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC and fought alongside their allies in the Celtiberian Wars against Rome, until the destruction of Numantia brought the collapse of the alliance in 134-133 BC. Prior to that, they were defeated by Proconsul Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus in 142 BC[16] and despite being forcibly incorporated into Hispania Citerior
province, they continued to resist Roman authority for decades.

Remaining warlike as ever, the Lusones plotted with the Arevaci and Pellendones the anti-Roman uprisings that rocked Celtiberia throughout most of the 1st Century BC. These revolts served only to weaken the Lusones' military however, and by mid-Century they had been driven out from the right bank of the Ebro by the Vascones, who seized four of their key border towns including Grachurris. The Lusones virtually disappear from the historical record upon the end of the Sertorian Wars in 72 BC, and little is known from them afterwards though is likely that they merged with – or were absorbed by – their neighbours the Belli and Titii.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Cremin, The Celts in Europe (1992), p. 57.
  2. ^ Cremin, The Celts in Europe (1992), p. 57.
  3. ^ Cremin, The Celts in Europe (1992), p. 60.
  4. ^ Curchin, The Romanization of Central Spain (2004), p. 37.
  5. ^ Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, III, 29.
  6. ^ Strabo, Geographikon, III, 4, 12.
  7. ^ Strabo, Geographikon, III, 4, 13.
  8. ^ Appian, Iberiké, 42.
  9. ^ Ptolemy, Geographia, II, 6, 55.
  10. ^ Diodorus Siculus, Bibliothekes Istorikes, 29, 28.
  11. ^ Appian, Iberiké, 42.
  12. ^ Diodorus Siculus, Bibliothekes Istorikes, 29, 28.
  13. ^ Appian, Iberiké, 42.
  14. ^ Livy, Periochae, 41.
  15. ^ Cremin, The Celts in Europe (1992), p. 57.
  16. ^ Appian, Iberiké 76.

Bibliography

  • Aedeen Cremin, The Celts in Europe, Sydney, Australia: Sydney Series in Celtic Studies 2, Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Sydney (1992)
    ISBN 0-86758-624-9
    .
  • Ángel Montenegro et alii, Historia de España 2 - colonizaciones y formación de los pueblos prerromanos (1200-218 a.C), Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989)
    ISBN 84-249-1386-8
  • Alberto J. Lorrio, Los Celtíberos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Murcia (1997)
    ISBN 84-7908-335-2
  • Francisco Burillo Mozota, Los Celtíberos, etnias y estados, Crítica, Grijalbo Mondadori, S.A., Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007)
    ISBN 84-7423-891-9
  • Leonard A Curchin (5 May 2004). The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland. Routledge. pp. 37–.
    ISBN 978-1-134-45112-8
    .

Further reading

External links
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