Lynton K. Caldwell
Lynton Keith Caldwell | |
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Born | |
Died | August 15, 2006 | (aged 92)
Other names | Keith |
Occupation | Professor |
Known for | Invented idea of environmental impact statement in NEPA |
Lynton Keith Caldwell (November 21, 1913 – August 15, 2006) was an American
Early life and education
Caldwell was born in Montezuma, Iowa to Lee Lynton and Alberta (Mace) Caldwell, and died in Bloomington, Indiana, at age 92. He earned his undergraduate degree in English at the University of Chicago in 1934, his Master's degree at Harvard in History and Government in 1938, and his doctoral degree in political science at the University of Chicago in 1943. He married Helen A. Walcher on December 21, 1940 and they raised two children.[2]
Academic career and public service
From 1944-1947 he was director of research and publications for The Council of State Governments in Chicago. In 1947 he was appointed professor of political science at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University. In 1952 and 1953 he was part of U.N. sponsored missions in public administration in Colombia, the Philippines, and Japan. His next one-year U.N. appointment was as co-Director of the Public Administration Institute for Turkey and the Middle East in Ankara, Turkey. Indiana University then appointed him director of the Institute of Training for Public Service and Coordinator of Indonesian and Thailand Public Administration Programs. By the time of his retirement, further appointments, research and lecture tours and vacations had enabled him to visit nearly one hundred countries around the world as well as every state in the union. In 1956, after a year as visiting professor of government at the University of California, Berkeley, he returned to Bloomington as Professor of Government at Indiana University, where he remained until his retirement.[4] In the course of his career he secured 21 National Science Foundation grants to support his research.[5]
During his career, Caldwell served on the faculties of the
He also served on the editorial boards of numerous prestigious scientific and professional journals. A lover of nature, bird watching, and botany from an early age, he was a founding member of the South Bend, Indiana chapter of the
Notable accomplishments
During the 1960s Caldwell was virtually a lone voice in attempting to establish policies for the environment because such a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to solving environmental problems did not then exist.
Caldwell is perhaps best known as one of the principal architects of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the first act of its kind in the world, signed into law on January 1, 1970. Much of the impulse for Caldwell's broad approach came from his experience watching flawed international development work while overseas in the 1950s and 1960s.[10] In drafting A National Policy on the Environment in 1968[11] as consultant to Senator Henry Jackson, the head of the powerful Senate Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, Caldwell realized that more was needed than a mere a policy statement: an “action-forcing mechanism” would be necessary to secure federal agency compliance with the Act’s requirements. The origin of the requirement for preparation of an environmental impact statement (EIS) has been attributed to Caldwell,[12][13] whose testimony at the Senate hearing in April 1969 laid the groundwork for inclusion of provisions requiring an evaluation of the effects of all major federal projects significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.[14][15] In these “detailed statements,” as they were termed in the Act, all reasonably foreseeable social, economic, and environmental effects of a proposed action and any possible alternatives to it must be identified and assessed before any federal action takes place.[16][17]
NEPA has been emulated, in one form or another, by more than one hundred other countries,[18] and many states have also established “mini NEPAs.”[4] When national government agencies first started to prepare EISs, there were no professional associations dedicated to the planning and problem solving that NEPA demanded. Subsequently, Caldwell's efforts in formulating NEPA, and later promoting it, led to formation of the National Association of Environmental Professionals (NAEP), a national professional association of persons who prepare EISs.[19]
Honors and awards
The many awards Caldwell received included the William E. Mosher Award (1964) and the Marshall E. Dimock Award of the
Scholarly publications
- The administrative theories of Hamilton & Jefferson: Their contribution to thought on public administration. New York: Russell & Russell, 1944.
- The government and administration of New York. New York: Crowell, 1954.
- Environment: A challenge for modern society. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press, 1970. Published for the American Museum of Natural History.
- In defense of earth: International protection of the biosphere. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972.
- Man and his environment: Policy and administration. New York: Harper & Row, 1975. ISBN 978-0-06-041147-3
- Citizens and the environment: Case studies in popular action. With Lynton R. Hayes and Isabel M. MacWhirter. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976. ISBN 978-0-253-31355-3
- Science and the National Environmental Policy Act: Redirecting policy through procedural reform. University, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1982. ISBN 978-0-8173-0112-5
- US interests and the global environment. Muscatine, IA: Stanley Foundation, 1985.
- Biocracy: Public policy and the life sciences. Boulder: Westview Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0-8133-7363-8
- Perspectives on ecosystem management for the Great Lakes: A reader. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-88706-765-5
- Between two worlds: Science, the environmental movement, and policy choice. New York : Cambridge University Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-521-33152-4.
- International environmental policy: Emergence and dimensions, 2d ed. Durham: Duke University Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-8223-1058-7
- "Globalizing environmentalism: Threshold of a new phase in international relations. In: American Environmentalism: The U.S. environmental movement, 1970-1990, Riley E. Dunlap and Angela G. Mertig, eds. New York: Taylor & Francis, 1992. ISBN 0-8448-1730-9
- Policy for land: Law and ethics. With Karen S. Shrader-Frechette. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1993. ISBN 978-0-8476-7778-8
- Environment as a focus for public policy. With Robert V. Bartlett and James N. Gladden. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1995.
- International environmental policy: From the twentieth to the twenty-first century, 3d ed. With Paul S. Weiland. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-8223-1861-3
- Environmental policy: Transnational issues and national trends. With Robert V. Bartlett. Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 1997. ISBN 978-1-56720-079-9
- The National Environmental Policy Act: An agenda for the future. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-253-33444-2
References
- ^ Lynton K. Caldwell. Environmental Science Faculty, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University. [1] Accessed 2-16-09.
- ^ a b c "Lynton Keith Caldwell," Bloomington Herald-Times, August 17, 2006.
- ^ Netta, Danielle. Who's Who in America 2002, 56th ed. New Providence, NJ: Who's Who, 2001, p. 750.
- ^ a b c "Lynton Caldwell leaves quite a legacy," Bloomington Herald-Times, August 22, 2006.
- ^ a b Wertz, Wendy Read. The Nature Conservancy’s Journey with Nature: Lynton Keith Caldwell, Indiana’s Conservation Giant. Accessed 2-10-09.
- ^ Wertz, Wendy Read. 2006. “Lynton Keith Caldwell (1913-2006): His pathbreaking work in environmental policy and continuing impact on environmental professionals.” Environmental Practice 8 (December): 208-211.
- ^ Caldwell, Lynton K. "Environment: A New Focus for Public Policy?" Public Administration Review, 23(September 1963): 1329.
- ^ Bartlett, Robert, and James Gladden. 1995. “Lynton Keith Caldwell and environmental policy: What have we learned?” In Environment as a focus for public policy, edited by Lynton K. Caldwell. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, pp. 3-4.
- ^ Hadley, Donita. "Founding father of ecological policy dies at 92," Bloomington Herald-Times, August 17, 2006.
- ^ Thomas B. Robertson, Malthusian Moment: Global Population Growth and the Birth of American Environmentalism, p 167
- ^ U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. A National Policy on the Environment. 90th Cong., 2d sess. 1968 (Committee Print).
- ^ Anderson, Frederick R. NEPA in the Courts: A Legal Analysis of the National Environmental Policy Act. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973, p. 6.
- ISBN 0-295-95056-0.
- ^ Weiland, Paul, Lynton K. Caldwell, and Rosemary O’Leary. “The Evolution, Operation, and Future of Environmental Policy in the United States. In: Environmental Law and Policy in the European Union and the United States, Randall Baker, ed. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997, pp. 100-101.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. National Environmental Policy. Hearings on S. 1075, S. 237 and S. 1752, 91st Cong., 1st sess., April 16, 1969, p. 116.
- ^ Wertz, Wendy Read. The Nature Conservancy’s Journey with Nature: Lynton Keith Caldwell, Indiana’s Conservation Giant. [2] Accessed 2-10-08.
- ^ Caldwell, Lynton K. Science and the National Environmental Policy Act: Redirecting policy through procedural reform. University, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1982.
- ^ Bronstein, D. A., D. Bear, H. Bryan, J.F. DiMento, and S. Narayan. 2005. “The National Environmental Policy Act at 35.” Environmental Practice 7 (January): 3-5.
- ^ Perkins, John H. and Debora R. Holmes. 2006. “Lynton K. Caldwell’s Legacy is NEPA and More.” Environmental Practice. 8: 205-215.
- ^ Lynton Keith Caldwell Prize Awarded. [3] Accessed 2-18-09.
- ^ Caldwell Center for Culture and Ecology. [4] Accessed 2-1-09.
Further reading
- Wendy Read Wertz. Lynton Keith Caldwell: An Environmental Visionary and the National Environmental Policy Act (Indiana University Press, 2014) online review
External links