Major Greenwood

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Major Greenwood
Major Greenwood
Born(1880-08-09)9 August 1880
Shoreditch, London, England
Died5 October 1949(1949-10-05) (aged 69)
NationalityBritish
AwardsWeldon Memorial Prize (1926)
Scientific career
FieldsEpidemiology

Major Greenwood

epidemiologist and statistician
.

Biography

Major Greenwood junior was born in

clinical practice
for good.

He went to work as a demonstrator for the physiologist

Ministry of Health with responsibility for medical statistics. He co-authored a number of papers (see publications) with Ethel Newbold during his tenure there (and wrote a touching obituary for her on her early death in 1933).[3] In 1928 he became the first professor of Epidemiology and Vital Statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine where he stayed until he retired in 1945. He established a group of researchers, of whom the most important was Austin Bradford Hill
. Greenwood played the same role in A. B. Hill’s career as Hill’s father had played in his.

The Royal Society awarded the Buchanan Medal to Greenwood in 1927,[4] and elected him a Fellow in 1928.[1] The election certificate stated

Engaged in medical research. Has applied the statistical method to the elucidation of many problems of physiology, pathology, hygiene and epidemiology. Is the author, or joint author, of more than sixty papers dealing with these applications, including important contributions to the experimental study of epidemiology (Journ Hyg, 24, 1925, Greenwood and Topley; ibid, 25, 1926, Greenwood, Newbold, Topley and Wilson). Has done much to encourage and develop the use of modern statistical methods by medical laboratory investigators, and, as Chairman of the Medical Research Council's Statistical Committee, to secure the adequate planning and execution of field investigations.

He was elected

President of the Royal Statistical Society in 1934[5] and awarded its Guy Medal
in Gold in 1945.

Greenwood produced a large body of research, was the first holder of important positions in modern medical statistics and wrote extensively on the history of his subject, but as Austin Bradford Hill wrote in his obituary, "in the future, it may well indeed seem that one of his greatest contributions, if not the greatest, lay merely in his outlook, in his statistical approach to medicine, then a new approach and one long regarded with suspicion. And he fought this fight continuously and honestly—for logic for accuracy, for ‘little sums.’"

His name is attached to the Greenwood formula for the variance or standard error (SE) of the Kaplan–Meier estimator of survival.[6][7][8]

A statistical method invented by Major Greenwood in a statistical study of infectious diseases[9] is still used in present-day research. The Greenwood statistic was used to discover that there is some kind of order in the placement of genes on the chromosomes of living things[10] and this inspired a new look at epigenetics, which is now considered to be as important as genetics in how living organisms develop and evolve.

Greenwood lived at

Leonard Erskine Hill
.

Publications

  • Greenwood, M. (1904). "A First Study of the Weight, Variability, and Correlation of the Human Viscera, with Special Reference to the Healthy and Diseased Heart". Biometrika. 3: 63–83.
    doi:10.1093/biomet/3.1.63
    .
  • Greenwood, M. (1910). Physiology of the special senses. London: E. Arnold.[11]
  • Greenwood, M; Yule, G. U. (1915). "The Statistics of Anti-typhoid and Anti-cholera Inoculations, and the Interpretation of such Statistics in general". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 8 (Sect Epidemiol State Med): 113–94.
    PMID 19978918
    .
  • Greenwood, Major & Udny Yule, G. (1920). "An Inquiry into the Nature of Frequency Distributions Representative of Multiple Happenings with Particular Reference to the Occurrence of Multiple Attacks of Disease or of Repeated Accidents". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 83 (2): 255–279.
    JSTOR 2341080
    .\
  • Edgar L. Collis and Major Greenwood. The health of the industrial worker. 1921
  • Cripps, L, Greenwood, M. and Newbold, E (1923). "A Biometric Study of the Inter-relations of `Vital Capacity' stature, stem length and weight in a Sample of Healthy Male Adults". Biometrika. 14: 3–4. doi:10.2307/2331816. JSTOR 2331816.
  • Greenwood, M.; Newbold, E (1923). "On the Estimation of Metabolism from Determination of Carbon Dioxyde Production and on Estimation of External Work from Respiratory Metabolism". J. Hygiene. 21: 3–4. doi:10.1017/s0022172400031624. PMC 2167379 .
  • Greenwood, M.; Newbold, E (1927). "Practical Applications of Statistics of Repeated Events, particularly to Industrial Accidents". J. Royal Stat. Society. 90: 487–547. doi:10.2307/2341203. JSTOR 2341203.
  • Major Greenwood. The natural duration of cancer. London, England: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects, No. 33. 1926
  • Major Greenwood. Epidemics and crowd-diseases: an introduction to the study of epidemiology. 1935
  • Major Greenwood. Medical statistics from Graunt to Farr: the Fitzpatrick lectures for the years 1941 and 1943. 1948

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 162020251
    .
  2. ^ a b Burke's Landed Gentry, 18th ed., vol. I, 1965, pg 338-343, 'Greenwood formerly of Haddenham' pedigree
  3. JSTOR 2341811
    .
  4. ^ "Buchanan archive winners 1957–1897". The Royal Society. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  5. ^ "Royal Statistical Society Presidents". Royal Statistical Society. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
  6. ^ Greenwood, Major (1926). "The natural duration of cancer". Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects. 33. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office: 1–26.
  7. JSTOR 2281868
    .
  8. ^ Kaplan, Edward L. in a retrospective on the seminal paper in "This week's citation classic". Current Contents 24, 14 (1983). Available from UPenn as PDF.
  9. PMID 20256635
    .
  10. PMID 17397552
    .
  11. S2CID 38219110
    .

Further reading

External links
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