Matsudaira clan
Matsudaira 松平 | |
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Mon: Maru ni Mitsuba-aoi | |
Home province | Mikawa |
Parent house | Minamoto clan |
Titles | Various |
Founder | Matsudaira Chikauji |
Final ruler | Tokugawa Yoshinobu |
Current head | Iehiro Tokugawa |
Founding year | 14th century |
Dissolution | Still extant as Tokugawa clan |
Ruled until | 1873 (Abolition of the han system) |
Cadet branches | Various |
The Matsudaira clan (松平氏, Matsudaira-shi) was a Japanese
After the Meiji Restoration and the abolition of the han system, the Tokugawa and Matsudaira clans became part of the new kazoku nobility.[1]
Origins
The Matsudaira clan originated in Mikawa Province.[2] Its origins are uncertain, but in the Sengoku era, the clan claimed descent from the medieval Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto clan. According to this claim, the founder of the Matsudaira line was Matsudaira Chikauji, who lived in the 14th century and established himself in Mikawa Province, at Matsudaira village.
National historic sites
The location of Matsudaira village is within the borders of the modern city of Toyota, Aichi. A number of locations associated with the early history of the clan were collectively designated a National Historic Site of Japan in the year 2000.[3] These include:
- The ruins of a Sengoku period fortified residence on the eastern bank of the Tomoe River (Asuke River) which was the birthplace of Tokugawa Ieyasu. The site is now part of a Matsudaira Tosho-gu, which was built in 1615, after Tokugawa Ieyasu's death and deification.
- Matsudaira Castle, from which the Matsudaira clan ruled over a portion of Mikawa Province during the Sengoku period.
- Ōgyū Castle, built around 1507 and used by the clan to 1575
- Kōgetsu-in, a Buddhist temple and bodaiji for the Matsudaira clan
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Matsudaira Tosho-gu
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Kogetsu-in
Sengoku period
Minor power between major neighbors
In its territory in Mikawa Province, the Matsudaira clan was surrounded by much more powerful neighbors. To the west was the territory of the Oda clan of Owari Province; to the east, the Imagawa clan of Suruga. Each generation of Matsudaira family head had to carefully negotiate his relationship with these neighbors.
Branches of the Matsudaira clan
Before the Edo period, there were 19 major branches of the Matsudaira clan: Takenoya (竹谷), Katanohara (形原),[4] Ōgusa (大草), Nagasawa (長沢),[5] Nōmi (能見),[6] Goi (五井), Fukōzu (深溝), Ogyū (大給),[7] Takiwaki (滝脇),[8] Fukama (福釜), Sakurai (桜井), Tōjō (東条), Fujii (藤井),[9] Mitsugi (三木), Iwatsu (岩津), Nishi-Fukama (西福釜), Yata (矢田), Udono (鵜殿), and Kaga (加賀). Each of these branches (with the exception of the Kaga-Matsudaira, which relocated to Kaga Province) took its name from the area in Mikawa where it resided. Also, many of the branches often fought with each other.
Matsudaira of Okazaki
It was the main Matsudaira line residing in Okazaki Castle which rose the highest during the Sengoku period. During the headship of Matsudaira Hirotada, it was threatened by the Oda and Imagawa clans, and for a time was forcibly brought into Imagawa service. After the death of Imagawa Yoshimoto and the fall from power of the Imagawa clan, Hirotada's son Matsudaira Motoyasu was successful in forming an alliance with Oda Nobunaga, the hegemon of Owari Province. Motoyasu is better known as Tokugawa Ieyasu, who became the first Tokugawa shōgun in 1603.
Matsudaira branches and the use of the surname
Pre-Edo branches
Several of the pre-Edo branch families survived into the Edo period; some of them became
Tokugawa branches and the Matsudaira surname
The Tokugawa surname was not granted to all of the sons of the shōgun or the heads of the six main Tokugawa branches. Only the inheritor received the Tokugawa name, while all of his siblings would receive the Matsudaira surname. For example, the last shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu was not the firstborn heir of his father (Tokugawa Nariaki of Mito). Consequently, Yoshinobu was known as Matsudaira Shichirōma during his minority. Some of these sons, particularly of the 3 main Tokugawa branches (the Gosanke), formed their own families, and received their own fiefs. These included Takamatsu,[12] Shishido,[13] Fuchū,[14] and Moriyama[15] (branches of the Mito Tokugawa); Saijō (a branch of the Kii Tokugawa);[16] and Takasu (a branch of the Owari Tokugawa).[17] Notable Matsudaira of these branches include Matsudaira Yoritoshi of Takamatsu, and Matsudaira Yoritaka of Fuchū. Yoritsune Matsudaira and his son Yoriaki Matsudaira, who were 20th-century composers, were descendants of the Matsudaira of Fuchū.
Yūki-Matsudaira clan (Echizen)
The Yūki-Matsudaira clan was founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu's son Yūki Hideyasu.[18] Several branches of the Yūki-Matsudaira came into existence during the Edo period. Though the Yūki-Matsudaira retained control of Kitanoshō (later renamed Fukui), the main Yūki line was not there, but in Tsuyama instead. Branches of the family ruled the Fukui, Hirose, Mori, Matsue, Tsuyama, Akashi, Itoigawa, and Maebashi domains. Famous Yūki-Matsudaira include Matsudaira Naritami[19] and Matsudaira Yoshinaga, two daimyōs of the late Edo period. Matsudaira Yoshinaga in particular was very important to Japanese politics of the early Meiji period, and his leadership put the Fukui Domain on the side of the victors in the Boshin War (1868–69).
Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan
The Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan was founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu's half-brother
Ochi-Matsudaira clan
The Ochi-Matsudaira clan was founded by Matsudaira Kiyotake, the younger brother of the 6th shōgun Tokugawa Ienobu.[25] The Ochi-Matsudaira ruled the Hamada Domain. The family lost most of its territory in 1866, when the castle town was occupied by Chōshū Domain forces under Ōmura Masujirō during the Chōshū War. Matsudaira Takeakira, the last daimyō, escaped Hamada and went to Tsuruta, one of the domain's non-contiguous territories; there he set up the Tsuruta Domain, which existed until the abolition of the domains in 1871. In the Meiji era, Takeakira's son Matsudaira (Ochi) Takenaga received the title of viscount.[24]
Hoshina-Matsudaira clan (Aizu)
The Hoshina-Matsudaira clan was founded by
Matsudaira as an honorific
Over the course of the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate granted the use of the Matsudaira surname to certain families as an honorific. These families included both
Present day
Prominent Matsudaira in the present day include Ryūmon Matsudaira (actor), and Iyo-Matsuyama Domain Matsudaira Hisamatsu family of branch family bannermen hits the descendants Sadatomo Matsudaira (ja; former anchor for NHK), among others.
Key genealogies
Main line (Tokugawa shōgun)
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Hoshina-Matsudaira clan (Aizu)
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Yūki-Matsudaira clan (Echizen)
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Ochi-Matsudaira clan (Hamada)
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Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan (Kuwana)
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Ogyū-Matsudaira clan (Okutono)
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Gallery
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Matsudaira Shichirōma, the future Tokugawa Yoshinobu
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Matsudaira Mochiaki, last lord of Fukui
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Matsudaira Sadayasu, last lord of Matsue
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Matsudaira Harusato (Fumai), lord of Matsue, tea master
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Matsudaira Yoritoshi, last lord of Takamatsu
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Princess Chichibu (Matsudaira) Setsuko
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Matsudaira Tadanari, last lord of Ueda
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Nagai Naoyuki, the son of Okutono lord Matsudaira Noritada
Notes
- Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon; Papinot, (2003). "Matsudaira" at Nobiliare du Japon, p. 29; retrieved 2013-7-11.
- ^ Thornton, Charisma and Community Formation in Medieval Japan, p. 148.
- ^ "松平氏遺跡" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs.
- ^ Papinot, (2003). "Matsudaira (Katanohara)" at Nobiliare du Japon, p. 31; retrieved 2013-7-11.
- ^ Papinot, (2003). "Matsudaira (Nagasawa)" at Nobiliare du Japon, p. 31; retrieved 2013-7-11.
- ^ Papinot, (2003). "Matsudaira (Nōmi)" at Nobiliare du Japon, p. 31; retrieved 2013-7-11.
- ^ Papinot, (2003). "Matsudaira (Ogyū)" at Nobiliare du Japon, p. 30; retrieved 2013-7-11.
- ^ Papinot, (2003). "Matsudaira (Takiwaki)" at Nobiliare du Japon, p. 31; retrieved 2013-7-11.
- ^ Papinot, (2003). "Matsudaira (Fujii)" at Nobiliare du Japon, p. 31; retrieved 2013-7-11.
- ^ Totman, Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu, p. 346.
- ^ (in Japanese) "Amagasaki-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 24 August 2008).
- ^ (in Japanese)"Takamatsu-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2012-01-29 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 27 August 2008)
- ^ (in Japanese) "Shishido-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2012-01-28 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 27 August 2008)
- ^ (in Japanese) "Fuchū-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 27 August 2008)
- ^ (in Japanese) "Moriyama-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 27 August 2008)
- ^ (in Japanese) "Saijō-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2012-01-28 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 27 August 2008)
- ^ (in Japanese) "Takasu-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2012-01-29 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 27 August 2008)
- ^ "Tokugawa shogun-ke to Matsudaira ichizoku," p. 165; Papinot, (2003). "Matsudaira (Echizen-ke)" at Nobiliare du Japon, p. 31; retrieved 2013-7-11.
- ^ "Tokugawa Shōgun-ke to Matsudaira Ichizoku," p. 231.
- ^ Papinot, (2003). "Matsudaira (Hisamatsu)" at Nobiliare du Japon, p. 31; retrieved 2013-7-11.
- ^ (in Japanese) "Kuwana-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2012-01-20 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 24 August 2008).
- ^ (in Japanese) "Imabari-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2012-01-29 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 24 August 2008).
- ^ (in Japanese) "Iyo-Matsuyama han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2012-03-11 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 24 August 2008).
- ^ a b c (in German) List of Meiji-era Japanese nobility (accessed 15 August 2008)
- ^ "Tokugawa shogun-ke to Matsudaira ichizoku," p. 220.
- ^ "Tokugawa shogun-ke to Matsudaira ichizoku", p. 184.
- ^ "Tokugawa shogun-ke to Matsudaira ichizoku", p. 196.
- ^ "Tokugawa shogun-ke to Matsudaira ichizoku", p. 183.
References
English
- Thornton, Sybil A. (1999). Charisma and Community Formation in Medieval Japan. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
- Totman, Conrad (1967). Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
German
- List of Meiji-era Japanese nobility (accessed 15 August 2008).
Japanese
- "Imabari-han" on Edo 300 HTML (accessed 24 August 2008).
- "Iyo-Matsuyama han" on Edo 300 HTML (accessed 24 August 2008).
- "Kuwana-han" on Edo 300 HTML (accessed 24 August 2008).
- "Tokugawa Shōgun-ke to Matsudaira Ichizoku", Rekishi Dokuhon magazine, January 2006.