Max Emden

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Max Emden
Max James Emden, c. 1928
Born(1874-10-28)28 October 1874
Hamburg
Died26 June 1940(1940-06-26) (aged 65)
Muralto
NationalityGerman
Occupation(s)Businessman, art collector
Known forDepartment store magnate, art collection

Max James Emden (28 October 1874 in Hamburg – 26 June 1940 in Muralto, Switzerland) was a German chemist, wholesale merchant, art collector and from 1926 owner of the Brissago Islands on Lake Maggiore.[1][2] Some of Emden's properties, including valuable paintings, have been the object of Nazi-era restitution claims. How his legacy has been handled has sparked a debate in Germany about the erasure of information concerning the Nazi era[2] and inspired films about his life.[3]

Life

Villa Emden, Brissago Islands, on Lake Maggiore, Switzerland

Born into a long-established Jewish merchant family from

Danzig; a cavalry unit in the Prussian Army
.

Placard of the Corvin Áruház four storey department store in Budapest, Hungary, 1926. The Corvin palace-like department store was founded by the Hamburg company M.J. Emden Söhne with a share capital of one million Hungarian korona. Opened on 1 March 1926, it is the oldest department store in Hungary.

Emden worked in the family textile trading company M. J. Emden Söhne becoming a partner in 1904 and later sole owner. Founded in Hamburg in 1823, the company expanded internationally under Emden, becoming a major

KaDeWe, with the main shareholder Adolf Jandorf, the Hungarian Corvin Áruház [hu] in Budapest, the Swedish Allas in Stockholm, the Oberpollinger in Munich, the Poetsch in Hamburg and the Petersen department store in Wandsbek.[2]

In 1906 Emden had a country house built[1] by the Hamburg architect Wilhelm Fränkel [de] in Klein Flottbek for 200,000 German mark. Today, the Jenisch-Gymnasium private school is located on the 26,000 m2 property. In 1910, Emden married the Chilean-born Concordia Gertrud Hélène Anna (née Sternberg), known as Anita, born 3 November 1888 in Cerro Alegre (Valparaíso).[1] Emden's wife held a social class of friends from the aristocracy and both belonged to the best social circles in Hamburg.[1]

At the age of almost 50, the internationally successful mercery goods entrepreneur, sold most of his company holdings to the department store group Karstadt (and others) and then withdrew more and more from his commercial activities. From then on, the Hamburg company devoted itself to the administration of the still extensive property holding, and Emden also kept the foreign department stores in its possession.[1] To his friends, Emden said 'I want to start a totally new life!', and he travelled to Ticino, Switzerland.[1] Emden revealed some grounds for this, he and his wife had become estranged, and both had decided to divorce but wanted to remain good friends.[1] There was also another woman in Emden's life, whom he believed would later marry him.[1] Emden's lover, would later reveal that she would never take a Jew for her husband! and the marriage proposal was rejected in 1926.[1] Emden was forlorn and purchased a revolver, and for some months never left home without it.[1] Emden had framed his life for this woman, for her love of nature, he even bought two island's on Lake Maggiore.[1]

The Brissago Islands

In

Bronislaw Huberman, who wanted the smaller of the two islands for himself. But Huberman had to leave, before the negotiations began, on a concert tour to North and South America, Paris, London, and Berlin.[1]

At first, the baroness was prepared to sell the islands to anyone who would pay off her mortgages and other major debts, which amounted to some 500,000

Swiss francs.[1] But upon finding out how wealthy Emden was, the corrupt old baroness increased the property price overnight, incurred new personal debts and engaged local craftsmen to submit false invoices to increase the estate's arrears—with the promise of a cut in the profits, in the end, the islands would cost Emden 1.5 million Swiss francs.[1] Emden paid the sum. But Huberman was exasperated when he heard this. He accused Emden of having betrayed him, and the two old friends quarrelled and never spoke with each other again.[1] But the baroness would continue to create new difficulties for Emden. When Emden finally wanted to move onto the islands, the baroness refused to leave, she almost had to be forced out, and that was only possible when Emden purchased a few houses for her on the banks of Ascona for around 55,000 Swiss francs - she was to live in the largest one herself, and rent out the others.[1]

Shortly after, Emden's first task was to have the island's existing residence blown up, the spectacle saw the baroness's abandoned haul of cellar junk and tattered documents swirling in the light of day, probably for the first time in some forty years.[1] Emden replaced the island's residence with a Palazzo style 24-room villa, finished with a luxurious interior, designed by the Berlin architect Alfred Breslauer.[1] Brought electricity lines and telephone to the island for some 100,000 Swiss francs.[1] Emden had the gardens renewed and the marina expanded with a flotilla of thirteen motorboats.[1] Though surrounded by a picturesque lake, Emden included a 33-meter-long Roman-style bathing pool decorated with the statue The Bathers by the sculptor Georg Wrba. The present botanical garden there, which Emden continued to preserve and maintain, is essentially the work of the previous owner of the Brissago Islands, the Saint Léger family. The female nude by the sculptor Werner Müller comes from the time of Emden. The Javanese by the sculptor Remo Rossi was added in 1950.

Aryanization in Nazi Germany

In 1931, a major auction appeared in

Tiergartenstrasse 4, on Tuesday 9 June 1931 (Issue No. 23, Weltkunst [de], Berlin, 7 June 1931).[6] The proceeds from this auction, some 262 articles, with a 'report to follow' annotation, was published in the next issue (24) of Weltkunst (Art of the World) in the same month.[7]

Max Emden's private study in Villa Emden, Brissago Islands, on Lake Maggiore, Switzerland

Persecuted in Nazi Germany because of Emden's Jewish origins,[2] Emden lived mainly on his Brissago Islands in the Swiss canton of Ticino from 1933 and surrounded himself with young women, his devoted girlfriend⁠—the 18-year-old Hamburg-born Brazilian consul's daughter, whom Emden first met in Lugano,[1] and parts of his art collection that had been rescued from Germany. As far as Emden's understanding of art was concerned, he took the view that "life as such" is "an art".[1]

Emden was a passionate golfer and polo player. Thus "Ascona owes the creation of its beautiful golf course" to Emden and von der Heydt's aid. In 1928 Emden had also financed the clubhouse of the Hamburger Golf-Club [de] in Hamburg-Rissen "with a generous donation". Up until the 1930s, Emden also owned the premises of the Hamburger Polo Club in Klein Flottbek, which he had to sell to the city of Altona in 1935 for a low price.[2][8]

In 1930, the Russian painter Baroness Marianne von Werefkin, who was living in Ascona at the time, refused to sell Emden a painting through Emden's middleman, despite her poverty, to show that "There are still artists who respect their work but don't jump after every bite like hungry dogs [...] Emden thinks that you can buy everything, he scorns people and artists, because they, like hungry dogs, camp around him. [...] better, if I beg from poor fellows like myself."

In 1934 Emden acquired the Swiss civil rights (Bürgerrecht) from the municipality of Ronco sopra Ascona, which is adjacent to the Brissago Islands, but could not secure the same for his son Hans Erich.[1][2][9] On his island residence, Emden was visited by numerous celebrities, such as Aga Khan III, the King of Siam Ananda Mahidol, members of the German nobility, the international best-seller novelist and good friend Erich Maria Remarque, including annually Emden's ex-wife and her entourage—who had remarried and was now Countess Einsiedel; the countess' visits were a sensation for Ascona, as the beautiful woman completely ignored the fact that one never got dressed properly there.[1]

Due to economic misfortune, triggered by the measures taken against Emden's assets in Nazi Germany, forced sales and the "

Federal Republic of Germany for a long time and were only restituted to Emden's descendants in 2019. This includes the oil painting Der Zwingergraben in Dresden [de
] (The Moat of the Zwinger in Dresden).

Honours

On 18 July 2014, a path along the botanical garden in Hamburg Klein Flottbek was named after Max Emden. The hiking trail runs between Hemmingstedter Weg and Hesten, between the botanical garden and the polo field. The application for naming the path contained the justification: "The path leads right through the former property of Max Emden, which he 'voluntarily' sold to the city of Hamburg in 1935." The central committee of the Altona district assembly approved the application, pointing out that Max Emden "had to sell his property to the city of Altona for a small price in 1935".

The legacy of Max Emden

After the sudden death of Max Emden in June 1940, his only son, Hans Erich Emden, became the sole heir to his father's fortune. The inheritance included the archipelago of the Brissago Islands on Lake Maggiore, which became orphaned and neglected from 1941 when Emden's son, branded and deported from Germany as a "first-degree hybrid Jew" and could neither secure permanent Swiss residence in 1940, eventually managed to emigrate to his mother's birthplace

Monet and others, returned to the care of Swiss art dealers, who under unclear circumstances sold the works of art to various collectors, including the German-Swiss arms manufacturer Emil Georg Bührle
.

After the

Swiss francs. The canton made the islands publicly accessible in 1950. German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer
was on the Brissago Islands in the 1950s and found the view of Ascona "one of the most beautiful in Europe".

The Nazi era

Of Jewish origins, Emden had converted to Christianity in his youth, but the Nazis persecuted him as a Jew.[10] Interviewed in The Times of Israel, Juan Carlos Emden (grandson)[9] described his grandfather's situation: "The Nazis financially ruined him, forcing him to sell his stores and real estate. By 1937 he had run out of money and started selling his art collection."[11]

Art collection: claims, lawsuits and restitutions

The fate of property that belonged to Emden before the rise of the Nazis, including paintings from his collection that ended up in German museums, has been the subject of debate in Germany.[12] The German weekly Der Spiegel questioned in a 2017 article about Max Emden "whether people in this country have ever really taken the commitment to reparation and also to the establishment of the truth seriously".[2]

Several claims for Nazi-looted art and forced sales have been filed.

Monet among others.[16]

On 26 March 2019 Germany's Advisory Commission on the Return of Cultural Property Seized as a Result of Nazi Persecution announced that, in the case of Dr Max James Emden vs. the Federal Republic of Germany, it recommended that the paintings "The Moat of the Zwinger in Dresden" and the "Karlskirche in Vienna" (both by Bernardo Bellotto) be restituted to the heirs of Dr Max James Emden. The two artworks were currently in the possession of the German government.[13] In its decision, the Commission stated: "The systematic destruction of people's economic livelihoods by the Third Reich as a tool of National Socialist racial policy (and precursor to the Final Solution) thus also applied in the case of Max Emden.".[13]

Another painting from the Emden collection, Le Palais Ducal (1908) by Claude Monet valued at more than $30m, was alleged by Emden's heir to have been sold under duress to Swiss art dealer Walter Feilchenfeldt during the Second World War.[17]

The National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) has been investigating whether the painting, Lady with a Fan, by Gerard ter Borch was also from the Emden collection.[18]

In 2021 the

Monuments Men Foundation announced that it had located a painting from the Emden collection by Bernardo Bellotto called "The Marketplace at Pirna" in the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH) with an inaccurate provenance that concealed the history of the painting.[19][20][21][22] After the MFAH refused to restitute the painting the Emden heirs filed a lawsuit in the Southern District of Texas.[23]

Publications

Film

On 10 April 2019, the documentary film Life is an Art - The Max Emden Case premiered in Hamburg. The film works on the story of Max Emden and depicts the heirs' lavish struggle for restitution and justice against the authorities and private art collectors. Numerous experts comment on the subject of looted art and the works of art that were in the possession of Max Emden.[24][25]

Literature

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 9783958903951
    . Retrieved 2022-08-02.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Knöfel, Ulrika (2017-09-20). "Nazi-Opfer: Das Schicksal des Kaufhauskönigs Emden" [Nazi victim: The fate of the department store king Emden] (in German). Hamburg: SPIEGEL Kultur. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  3. ^ "Explosive Documentaire: la Vie est un Art – Le Cas de Max Emden". AllInfo. 11 April 2019. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  4. ^ a b "Max Emden and the Brissago Islands: the story continues". www.ascona-locarno.com. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  5. ^ Lane Fox, Robin (2019-10-18). "The Italian island where marvels and myths abound". London: Financial Times. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
  6. doi:10.11588/diglit.44978.23
    . Retrieved 2022-07-31.
  7. doi:10.11588/diglit.44978.24
    . Retrieved 2022-07-31.
  8. ^ "Heirs battle estate over $30m Monet painting from Emden collection sold during Nazi era". www.theartnewspaper.com. The Art Newspaper. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
  9. ^ a b c d e Binswanger, Daniel (2021-10-09). "Sie haben uns ins Gesicht gelacht" [They laughed in our faces] (in German). Zurich: Republik. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
  10. ^ "Heirs battle estate over $30m Monet painting from Emden collection sold during Nazi era". www.theartnewspaper.com. 8 July 2020. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  11. ^ Borschel-Dan, Amanda. "Will victims of the greatest Nazi theft finally get a fair hearing?". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  12. ^ "Why the origins of artworks are so important". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  13. ^ a b c "Explanatory statement on the recommendation of the Advisory Commission in the case of Dr. Max James Emden vs. The Federal Republic of Germany" (PDF). Magdeburg: Advisory Commission on the return of cultural property seized as a result of Nazi persecution, especially Jewish property. 2019-04-23.
  14. ^ "Panel urges return of Hitler's Bellotto paintings to heirs of Jewish retail magnate". www.theartnewspaper.com. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
  15. ISSN 0140-0460
    . Retrieved 2021-02-01.
  16. ^ "Why the origins of artworks are so important". DW.COM. Deutsche Welle. 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
  17. ^ D'Arcy, David. "Heirs battle estate over $30m Monet painting from Emden collection sold during Nazi era". www.lootedart.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-26. Hans Erich Emden, with neither Swiss nor German nationality, fled to Chile via Brazil with a Haitian passport in 1941, delegating the sale of 14 works while abroad to his family's agent Olga Ammann and the dealer Walter Feilchenfeldt.
  18. ^ "Gallery under fire over Nazi loot". www.abc.net.au. 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  19. ^ Cascone, Sarah (2021-08-18). "Restitution Experts Blast Houston's Museum of Fine Arts for Refusing to Return a Painting Once Purchased for Hitler's Museum". Artnet News. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  20. ^ Edsel, Robert (2021-08-31). "The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Must End Its Head-in-the-Sand Approach to Justice When It Comes to Restitution". Artnet News. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  21. ^ "WWII Provenance of Houston Bellotto Questioned". Art History News. 2021-07-22.
  22. ^ Villa, Angelica (2021-07-22). "MFA Houston Owns Bellotto Painting Sold Under Duress During World War II, Foundation Claims". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  23. ^ "Juan Carlos Emden, Michel Emden, and Nicolás Emden, Plaintiffs, v. The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Defendant. Case No. 4:21-cv-3348".
  24. ^ Woeller, Marcus (2019-04-24). ""Der Fall Max Emden" ist ein Film über Deutschlands Schande". Die Welt. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
  25. ^ "Brisanter Dokumentarfilm: "Auch Leben ist eine Kunst - Der Fall Max Emden"". DW.COM (in German). Deutsche Welle. 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2021-02-01.

External links

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