Messali Hadj
Messali Hadj | |
---|---|
مصالي الحاج | |
In office 1927–1954 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Ahmed Ben Messali Hadj[1] May 16, 1898 Tlemcen, French Algeria (present-day Algeria) |
Died | June 3, 1974 Paris, France | (aged 76)
Resting place | Tlemcen |
Political party |
|
Spouse | Émilie Busquant |
Children | Ali Messali Hadj (1930–2008), Djanina Messali-Benkelfat (1938–) |
Occupation | Politician |
Ahmed Ben Messali Hadj (May 16, 1898 – June 3, 1974; commonly known as Messali Hadj,
He co-founded the Étoile nord-africaine, and founded the Parti du peuple algérien and the Mouvement pour le triomphe des libertés démocratiques before dissociating himself from the armed struggle for Independence in 1954. He also founded the Mouvement national algérien to counteract the ongoing efforts of the Front de libération nationale.
Early life
Ahmed Ben Messali Hadj was born in Tlemcen in 1898. His father Hadj Ahmed Messali was of Turkish origin[3][4][5][6] and his mother Ftéma Sari Ali Hadj-Eddine belonged to a family of seven daughters, raised in Muslim traditions by their father, a qadi, a member of the Darqawiyya brotherhood.[7] He was educated in a local French primary school[8] and also received a religious education influenced by the Darqawiyya Sufi order.[9]
Messali Hadj served in the French army from 1918 to 1921; having trained in Bordeaux and then promoted as sergeant in 1919.[10] By October 1923, at the age of 25, Messali Hadj went to Paris to find work; upon his arrival, he sold bonnets and Tlemceni handicrafts,[10] and he also enrolled in Arabic-language university courses.[11] During his time in Paris, Messali Hadj met his French wife, Émilie Busquant, a worker revolutionary’s daughter. His time in Paris also corresponded with the first meetings of Maghribi workers in France which called for the independence of all colonies. Abdelkader Hadj Ali recruited Messali Hadj to the French Communist Party (PCF) colonial commission in 1925.[10]
Political career
Founding of nationalist organisations
In 1926 Messali Hadj founded the "Étoile Nord-Africaine" (ENA).[8] Consequently, he became one of the most prominent Algerian nationalists seeking to remove all French forces and to end French colonial rule in Algeria. Messali Hadj went to Brussels in 1927 to outline the ENA’s demands for the abolition of the Indigénat and amnesty for all those convicted under it; moreover, he listed several other demands including: the right to form trade unions, education for all, and social welfare and representational legislation.[11] By 1929 the ENA was banned in France once its links with the French Communist Party were severed.[8] Thereafter, Messali Hadj rebranded the ENA several times in the 1930s and 1940s; hence, he would find himself frequently jailed or exiled.
By 1935 Messali Hadj reorganised the "
However, in March 1941 Messali Hadj was tried by a
By 1946 Messali Hadj founded the "
Once the Algerian War of Liberation began, Messali Hadj sought to compete with the Front de Libération Nationale by mobilising the Mouvement National Algérien (MNA) in December 1954.[14]
Leader of the MNA
After the outbreak of the
After Algerian independence
In 1962, as Algeria gained independence from France, Messali tried to transform his group into a legitimate political party, but it was not successful, and the FLN seized control over Algeria as a one-party state.
Personal life
He was married to
His daughter, Djanina Messali-Benkelfat, published a book about her father called "Une vie partagée avec Messali Hadj, mon père" ("A Life Shared with Messali Hadj, my Father").
Messali Hadj was in exile in France when he died in 1974. His body was buried in his native Tlemcen.[14]
See also
References
- ISBN 978-1317127697
- ISBN 0520917022
- ISBN 978-0230392786,
Messali, an Algerian of Turkish origin who resided in Paris, founded in 1926 the first modern movement for Algerian independence
- ISBN 978-2296028586,
Messali Hadj est né le 16 mai 1898 à Tlemcen. Sa famille d'origine koulouglie (père turc et mère algérienne) et affiliée à la confrérie des derquaouas vivait des revenus modestes d'une petite ferme située à Saf-Saf
- ^ Adamson, Fiona (2006), The Constitutive Power of Political Ideology: Nationalism and the Emergence of Corporate Agency in World Politics, University College London, p. 25
- ISBN 0253217822
- ISBN 978-2-296-29505-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-1107007505
- ^ Naylor 2004, p. 283.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-85164-0.
- ^ a b c d e f Naylor 2004, p. 284.
- ^ ISBN 0275963888
- ^ Horne, Alistair (1977). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962.
- ^ a b Naylor 2004, p. 285.
- ^ Krause, Lincoln (2019-04-19). "'A War to the Death': The Ugly Underside of an Iconic Insurgency". warontherocks.com. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
- ^ Stora, Benjamin (2004). Messali Hadj 1898-1974. Paris: Pluriel. p. 48.
Bibliography
- Adamson, Fiona (2006), The Constitutive Power of Political Ideology: Nationalism and the Emergence of Corporate Agency in World Politics, University College London
- Goebel, Michael. Anti-Imperial Metropolis: Interwar Paris and the Seeds of Third World Nationalism (Cambridge University Press, 2015) excerpts
- Jacques, Simon (2007), Algérie: le passé, l'Algérie française, la révolution, 1954-1958, Harmattan, ISBN 978-2296028586
- Malley, Robert (1996), The Call From Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution, and the Turn to Islam, ISBN 0520917022
- McDougall, James (2017), A History of Algeria, ISBN 978-0521851640
- Moreau, Odile (2004), "Echoes of National Liberation: Turkey Viewed from the Maghrib in the 1920s", in McDougall, James (ed.), Nation, Society and Culture in North Africa, ISBN 1135761051
- Naylor, Phillip C. (2004), Historical Dictionary of Algeria, ISBN 0810879190
- Ness, Immanuel; Cope, Zak (2016), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism, Springer, ISBN 978-0230392786
- Ruedy, John Douglas (2005), Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation, Indiana University Press, ISBN 0253217822.
- Shrader, Charles R. (1999), The First Helicopter War: Logistics and Mobility in Algeria, 1954-1962, ISBN 0275963888
- Stora, Benjamin (2004), Messali Hadj 1898-1974, Paris: Pluriel
External links
- The Messali Hadj Archive - from www.marxists.org