Mississippi lowland forests

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Mississippi lowland forests
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
Bird species222[1]
Mammal species62[1]
Geography
Area112,300 km2 (43,400 sq mi)
CountryUnited States
Climate typeHumid subtropical (Cfa)
Conservation
Habitat loss72.508%[1]
Protected5.21%[1]

The Mississippi lowland forests are a

temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregion in the eastern United States, covering an area of 112,300 km2 (43,400 sq mi).[2]

Setting

Located on the

Middle Atlantic Coastal Forests region. However nearly all the original forest along the Mississippi has now been cleared.[3]
The Mississippi floodplain is distinct from the surrounding countryside which is higher and drier.

Flora

The remaining woodlands are a mixture of Quercus virginiana, Juniperus virginiana, Magnolia grandiflora, Pinus elliottii, and Pinus glabra, along with a rich mixture of other trees including Taxodium distichum, Nyssa aquatica, Salix nigra, Carya aquatica, and Magnolia virginiana in the swampier areas. The Mississippi River is an important pathway and many of these species would have been carried and dispersed by the river system.

Fauna

The forest was at one time host to forest interior species such as the ivory-billed woodpecker and the Mississippi is still an important migration route for many birds, including large numbers of wintering mallard ducks, wood ducks and hooded mergansers. Other birds of the area include many songbirds, bald eagles, herons and egrets.

Ecological services

These forests provide several functions such as groundwater recharge, water quality enhancement through reduced turbidity, and flood flow alteration. They also contain high degree of biodiversity. Estimates suggest aquatic food chains in bottomland forests can account for two to five times more wildlife species than upland forests.[4] Flooded areas of the Mississippi lowland forest provide home to up to 40% of the continental mallard duck population during the winter months.[5]

Threats and preservation

Bottomland hardwood swamp near Ashland, Mississippi.

Natural flooding is the primary form of disturbance in this ecoregion. Flood protection has reduced natural flooding by an estimated 50-90% degrading habitat for migratory birds.[5] From the 1940s to the 1970s large parts of the forest were converted to agriculture, primarily for soybean production.[6] Roughly 25% of the historically forested area remains.[3] Calculations made in 2002 estimate that the region consists of 86,938 forest patches with an average size of 42 hectares.[3] Fewer than 100 of these patches are thought to be large enough to support a self-sustaining population of forest breeding birds.[7]

Significant natural areas in the ecoregion

The remaining unspoilt woodlands tend to be in the wettest areas such as the Cache River Wetlands in Illinois; Crowley's Ridge and Mingo National Wildlife Refuge in Missouri; White River National Wildlife Refuge in Arkansas; and Atchafalaya Basin and Big Woods Conservation Area in Louisiana.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.). The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference.
    ISBN 978-0-520-26256-0
    .
  2. ^ "Mississippi lowland forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
  3. ^
    S2CID 53619423
    .
  4. S2CID 86251951
    .
  5. ^ a b "Mississippi Alluvial Valley". Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  6. S2CID 38524697
    .
  7. S2CID 85383413
    .
  8. ^ "Mississippi lowland forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
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