Mixtec languages
This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. (July 2021) |
Mixtec | |
---|---|
Mixtec | |
Native to | Oto-Manguean
|
Glottolog | mixt1427 |
Extent of the Mixtec languages: prior to contact (olive green) and current (red) | |
The distribution of various Mixtec languages and their classification per Glottolog | |
People | Mixtec ñuù savi, nayívi savi, ñuù davi, nayivi davi |
---|---|
Language | Mixtec sa'an davi, da'an davi, tu'un savi,.. |
Country | Mixteca Ñuu Savi, Ñuu Djau, Ñuu Davi,.. |
The Mixtec (
Language name
The name "Mixteco" is a
Denominations in various modern Mixtec languages include tu'un savi [tũʔũ saβi], tu'un isasi [tũʔũ isasi] or isavi [isaβi], tu'un va'a [tũʔũ βaʔa], tnu'u ñuu savi [tnũʔũ nũʔũ saβi], tno'on dawi [tnõʔõ sawi], sasau [sasau], sahan sau [sãʔã sau], sahin sau [saʔin sau], sahan ntavi [sãʔã ndavi], tu'un dau [tũʔũ dau], dahan davi [ðãʔã ðaβi], dañudavi [daɲudaβi], dehen dau [ðẽʔẽ ðau], and dedavi [dedavi].[8][which languages are these?]
Distribution
The traditional range of the Mixtec languages is the region known as
Internal classification
The Mixtec language is a complex set of regional dialects which were already in place at the time of the
Phonology
This section describes the sound systems of Mixtec by each variety.
Chalcotongo Mixtec
The table below shows the phonemic inventory of a selected Mixtec language, Chalcotongo Mixtec.[14]
Phoneme
Labial | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n, nᵈ | ɲ [j̃]¹ | (ŋᵍ) | |
Stop | b | t | k, kʷ | ||
Affricate | tʃ, ⁿtʃ | ||||
Fricative | s | ʃ, ʒ | x | ||
Approximant | w | l | |||
Tap | ɾ |
- 1Most commonly actually a nasalized palatal approximant.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ | u |
Middle | e | o | |
Open | a |
Not all varieties of Mixtec have the sibilant /s/. Some do not have the interdental fricative /ð/. Some do not have the velar fricative /x/. A few have the affricate /ts/. By some analyses, the sounds /m/ and /w/ ([β]) are allophones conditioned by nasalization (see below), as are /n/ and /nᵈ/, also /ɲ/ and /j/ ([ʒ]).
Tone
One of the most characteristic features of Mixtec is its use of
It is commonly claimed that Mixtec distinguishes three different tones: high, middle, and low. Tones may be used lexically; for example:
- Kuu [kùū] to be
- Kuu [kūù] to die
In some varieties of Mixtec, tone is also used grammatically since the vowels or whole syllables with which they were associated historically have been lost.
In the practical writing systems the representation of tone has been somewhat varied. It does not have a high functional load generally, although in some languages tone is all that indicates different aspects and distinguishes affirmative from negative verbs.
Nasalization
The
Glottalization
The glottalization of vowels (heard as a glottal stop after the vowel, and analyzed as such in early analyses) is a distinctive and interesting contrastive feature of Mixtec languages, as it is of other Otomanguean languages.[19]
Yoloxóchitl Mixtec
The sound system of Yoloxóchitl Mixtec (of Guerrero Mixtec) is described below.[20][21][22]
Sound inventory
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Labial- Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | |||||
Stop & Affricate | p | t̪ | tʃ | k | kʷ | ||
Pre-nasalised Stop | (ᵐb) | (ⁿd) | ᵑɡ | ||||
Fricative | s̪ | ʃ | (x) | ||||
Flap | (ɾ) | ||||||
Approximant | β | l | j |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i • ĩ | u • ũ | |
Mid | e • ẽ | o • õ | |
Open | a • ã |
Notes:
- The syllable structure is (C)V(V); no consonant cluster or consonant coda allowed.
- Oral and nasal vowels are contrastive.
Tone
Yoloxóchitl Mixtec has nine tones: /˥ ˦ ˨ ˩ ˥˧ ˥˩ ˧˩ ˨˦ ˩˧/.
Writing systems
The Mixtecs, like many other
The missionaries who brought the
- The representation of the feature that distinguishes glottalized vowels (or glottal stop, as in some earlier analyses). Some earlier alphabets used h; more commonly today a special kind of apostrophe is used.
- The representation of the high central unrounded vowel. Some earlier alphabets used y; today a barred-i (ɨ) is used.
- The representation of the voiceless velar stop. Most earlier alphabets used c and qu, in line with earlier government policies; today k is more commonly used.
- The representation of tone. Most non-linguistic transcriptions of Mixtec do not fully record the tones. When tone is represented, acute accent over the vowel is typically used to indicate high tone. Mid tone is sometimes indicated with a macron over the vowel, but it may be left unmarked. Low tone is sometimes indicated with a grave accent over the vowel, but it might be left unmarked, or it might be indicated with an underscore to the vowel.
The alphabet adopted by the Academy of the Mixtec Language and later by the
Symbol | IPA | Example | Meaning | Approximate pronunciation |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | andívi | sky | Similar to the English a in father |
ch | tʃ | chitia | banana | Like English ch in chocolate |
d | ð | de | he | Like English th in father |
e | e | ve'e | home | Like Spanish e in este |
g | ɡ | ga̱ | more | Like English g in go |
i | i | ita̱ | flower | Like English i in machine |
ɨ | ɨ | kɨni | pig | Like Russian ы or Romanian î |
j | x | ji̱'in | shall drop | Like the j in Mexican Spanish |
k | k | kúmi | four | Hard c, like English cool |
l | l | luu | beautiful | Like Spanish l in letra |
m | m | ña'ma̱ | shall confess | Like English m in mother |
n | n | kuná'ín | shall cease | Like English n in no |
nd | nᵈ | ita ndeyu̱ | orchid | Pronounced similar to an n followed by a slight non-nasal d-like transition to the oral vowel. |
ng | ŋ | súngo̱o | to settle | Like English ng in eating |
ñ | ɲ | ñuuyivi | world | Similar to Spanish ñ in caña, but typically without letting the tongue actually touch the hard palate. |
o | o | chiso | sister-in-law | Similar to English o in toe |
p | p | pi'lu | piece | Similar to English p in pin |
r | ɾ | ru'u | I | Is sometimes trilled. |
s | s | sá'a | cunningness | Like English s in sit |
t | t | tájí | shall send | Like English t in tin |
ts | ts | tsi'ina | puppy-dog | Like ț in Romanian or ц in Russian |
u | u | Nuuyoo | Mexico | Like English u in tune |
v | β | vilu | cat | Similar to Spanish v in lava |
x | ʃ | yuxé'é | door | Like the initial sound in English shop |
y | ʒ | yuchi | dust | Like English ge in beige |
' | ˀ | ndá'a | hand | When a vowel is glottalized it is pronounced as if it ends in a glottal stop. It is not uncommon for a glottalized vowel to have an identical but non-glottalized vowel after it. |
One of the main obstacles in establishing an alphabet for the Mixtec language is its status as a
At the same time, the fragmentation of the Mixtec language and its varieties means that texts published in one variety may be utterly incomprehensible to speakers of another. In addition, most speakers are unaware of the official orthography adopted by the SEP and the Mixtec Academy, and some even doubt that their language can lend itself to a written form.
Grammar and syntax
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Person | Type | Independent | Dependent | Used for |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person exclusive | Formal | sa̱ñá | ná | I (form.) |
Informal | ru'u̱ | ri | I (inform.) | |
1st person inclusive | yó'ó | yó | we (incl.) | |
2nd person | Formal | ní'ín | ní | you (form.) |
Informal | ró'ó | ró | you (inform.) | |
3rd person | de | he | ||
ña | she | |||
i | s/he (child) | |||
ya̱ | s/he (god) | |||
tɨ | it (animal) | |||
te | it (water) |
First and second person pronouns
Many varieties (but not all) have distinct "formal" and "informal" pronouns for first person and second person (except in the first person plural inclusive). If addressing a person of his own age or older, the speaker uses the formal pronouns. If addressing a younger person, the speaker uses the informal pronouns. The first person exclusive pronouns may be interpreted as either singular or plural. The second person pronouns may also be interpreted as either singular or plural.
It is common to find a first person inclusive form that is interpreted as meaning to include the hearer as well as the speaker.
First and second person pronouns have both independent forms and dependent (enclitic) forms. The dependent forms are used when the pronoun follows a verb (as subject) and when it follows a noun (as possessor). The independent forms are used elsewhere (although there are some variations on this rule).
- Personal pronoun as direct object
Jiní
knows
de
3m
sa̱ñá
1.EX
"He knows me."
- Personal pronoun in preverbal position
Ró'ó
2
kí'i̱n
will.go
va̱'a
good
ga
more
"It will be better if you go."
- Personal pronoun in normal subject position
Va̱ni
well
nisá'a
did
ró
2
"You did well."
Third person pronouns
For the third person pronouns, Mixtec has several pronouns that indicate whether the referent is a man, a woman, an animal, a child or an inanimate object, a sacred or divine entity, or water. Some languages have respect forms for the man and woman pronouns. Some languages have other pronouns as well (such as for trees.) (These pronouns show some etymological affinity to nouns for 'man', 'woman', 'tree', etc., but they are distinct from those nouns.) These may be pluralized (in some varieties, if one wishes to be explicit) by using the common plural marker de in front of them, or by using explicit plural forms that have evolved.
Interrogative pronouns
This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. (January 2021) |
Mixtec has two interrogatives, which are na vé ([²na ³ve][what do the digits mean?] = "what/which"?) and nasaa ([²na.²saa]= "how much/many?"). The tone of these does not change according to the tense, person, or tone of the surrounding phrase.
Verbs
This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. (January 2021) |
Mixtec verb tenses
Verb conjugation in Mixtec[what do the digits mean?] | ||||
Future | Present | Past | Meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|
stéén [s.³teẽ] |
stéén [s.³teẽ] |
ni-steén [²ni s.²te³ẽ] |
to teach | |
skáji [s.³ka.²xi] |
skáji [s.³ka.²xi] |
ni-skáji [²ni s.³ka.²xi] |
to feed | |
skɨvɨ [s.³kɨ.²vɨ] |
skɨ́vɨ [s.³kɨ.²vɨ] |
ni-skɨ́vɨ [²ni s.³kɨ.²vɨ] |
to put | |
stáan [s.³ta¹ã] |
stáan [s.³ta¹ã] |
ni-stáan [²ni s.³ta¹ã] |
to destroy | |
ndukú [²ndu.³ku] |
ndúkú [³ndu.³ku] |
ni-ndukú [²ni ²ndu.³ku] |
to seek | |
kunu [²ku.²nu] |
kúnu [³ku.²nu] |
ni-kunu [²ni ²ku.²nu] |
to sew | |
kata [²ka.²ta] |
jíta [³ji.²ta] |
ni-jita [²ni ²ji.²ta] |
to sing | |
kasɨ [²ka.²sɨ] |
jésɨ [³xe.²sɨ] |
ni-jésɨ [²ni ³xe.²sɨ] |
to close | |
kua̱'a [²ku¹a'.²a] |
jé'e [²xe.²e] |
ni-je̱'e [²ni ¹xe'.²e] |
to give | |
kusu̱ [²ku.¹su] |
kíxí [³ki.³ʃi] |
ni-kixi̱ [²ni ²ki.¹ʃi] |
to sleep |
Mixtec verbs have no infinitive form. The basic form of the Mixtec verb is the future tense, and many conjugated future verb forms are also used for the present tense. To obtain the present of an irregular verb, the tone is modified in accordance with set of complicated prosodic rules. Another class of irregular verbs beginning with [k] mutate that sound to either [xe] or [xi] in the present tense. To form the preterite (past) tense, the particle ni- ([²ni]) is added. That particle causes a shift in the tone of the following verb and, while the particle itself may be omitted in informal speech, the tonal modification invariably takes place.
Mixtec lacks an imperfect, pluperfect, and all the compound tenses found in other languages. In addition, Mixtec verb conjugations do not have indicators of person or number (resembling, in this, English more than Spanish). A selection of Mixtec sentences exemplifying the three verbal tenses appears below:
- Future
Te
And
máá
same
ró
you
sanaa
perhaps
te
and
kusɨɨ ni
shall-be–happy
ro̱
you
te
and
kiji
shall-come
ró
you
ɨɨn
one
jínu
time
nájnu'un
as
domingu
Sunday
te
and
kinu'un
shall-return
ro̱.
you
"And perhaps you shall be happy, shall come on Sunday, and shall return home"
- Present
Tu
Not
jíní-yo̱
know-we
ndese
how
skánda-de
moves-he
te
and
jíka
advances
kamión
truck
"We don't know what he does to make the truck go"
- Preterite
Ni-steén-de
Past-taught-he
nuu̱
to
ná.
I
Steén-de
Taught-he
nuu̱
to
ná.
I
"He taught me"
Verb classes
- Causative verbs
Causative verbs are verb forms modified by a prefix indicating that the action is performed by the agent of the phrase. Mixtec causative verbs are indicated by the prefix s-. Like other Mixtec particles, the causative prefix leads to a shift in the orthography and pronunciation of the related verb. When the verb to which the prefix is added begins with [ⁿd], that phoneme is transformed into a [t]. Verbs beginning with [j] shift to [i]. There is no difference in future and present causative verbs, but the past tense is invariably indicated by adding the particle ni-.
Regular causative | |
Normal verb: tɨ̱vɨ́ shall-decompose It shall decompose, decomposes |
Causative verb: stɨ̱vɨ́ it–shall-decompose "He shall damage it, he damages it" |
Irregular causative: nd → t shift | |
Normal verb: ndo'o-ña shall-suffer–she She shall suffer, she suffer |
Causative verb: stó'o-ña shall-do–shall-suffer–she "She shall cause to suffer, she causes to suffer" |
Irregular causative: y → i shift | |
Normal verb: yu̱'ú-tɨ́ shall-fear–animal "The animal shall fear, the animal fears" |
Causative verb: siú'ú-tɨ́ shall-cause-fear–animal "The animal shall cause fear, the animal causes fear" |
- Repetitive verbs
The prefix na- indicates that the action of the related verb is being performed for a second occasion. This means that there is a repetition of the action, made by the subject of the sentence or another unidentified agent.
The pronunciation of some irregular verbs changes in the repetitive form. For example, certain verbs beginning with [k] take [ⁿd] o [n] the instead of na- particle. In addition, there are some verbs that never appear without this prefix: in other words, it is part of their structure.
Regular repetitive verb | |
Normal verb: Ki̱ku-ña shall-sew–she sa'ma clothes "She shall sew the clothes" |
Repetitive verb: Naki̱ku-ña again–shall-sew–she sa'ma clothes "She shall repair the clothes" |
Regular repetitive verb: k → nd shift | |
Normal verb: Kaa-de shall-ascend–he "He shall rise" |
Causative verb: Ndaa-de again–shall-ascend–he "He shall rise again" |
- Copulative verbs
Copulative verbs ("linking verbs") establish links between two nouns, a noun and an adjective, or a noun and a pronoun. Mixtec has four such verbs:
- kuu (to be)
- nduu (to be again; the repetitive form of kuu)
- koo (to exist)
- káá (to appear; present and preterite only)
Káá is only used with adjectives that describe a thing's appearance. The other three can be used with practically any adjective, albeit with slight semantic shifts.
Copulative verbs | |
Maéstru Teacher kúu-te̱e is–man ún. a "The man is a teacher" |
Maestru Teacher kúu. is–man "He is a teacher" |
Ndíchí intelligent koo-ró shall-be–you "You will be intelligent" |
Va̱ni Good íyó is itu. crop "The crop is fine" |
Káa appears likuxi grey sɨkɨ̱ back tɨ̱. its-(animal's) The animal's back is grey" |
Kúká Rich ní-i̱yo-de. past–was-he "He was rich but is no longer" |
- Descriptive verbs
Descriptive verbs are a special class that can be used as either verbs or adjectives. One of these verbs followed by a pronoun is all that is needed to form a complete sentence in Mixtec. Descriptives are not conjugated: they always appear in the present tense. To give the same idea in the past or future tenses, a copulative verb must be used.
Descriptive verbs | |
Kúká-de. shall-enrich-he "He is rich" |
Ve̱yɨ shall-weigh nuní. maize "The maize is heavy" |
Descriptives with contracted copulas | |
Vijna now te and kúkúká-de. is-rich–he "Now he is rich" |
Ni-ndukuká-de. again–grew-rich–he "He became rich again" |
- Modal verbs
Modal verbs are a small group that may be followed by another verb. Only the relative pronoun jee̱ can occasionally appear between a modal and its associated verb, except in sentences involving kuu (can, to be able).
- Modal kuu ("can")
Kuu
can
ka'u-de
shall-read–he
tatu.
paper
"He will be able to read a book"
- Modal kánuú ("must")
Kánuú
must
je̱é
that
ki'ín-de.
shall-go–he
"He must go"
Verb moods
- Indicative mood
The
- Imperative mood
Imperatives are formed by adding the particle -ni to the future indicative form of the verb. In informal speech, the simple future indicative is frequently used, although the pronoun ró may be appended. There are three irregular verbs with imperative forms different from their future indicative. Negative imperatives are formed by adding the word má, the equivalent of "don't".
Imperative mood | |||
Formal | Informal | Negative | |
Kaa̱n ní. "Speak!" |
Kaa̱n. "Speak!" |
Kaa̱n ro̱. "Speak!" |
Má kaa̱n ro̱. "Don't speak!" |
- Subjunctive mood
In Mixtec, the subjunctive mood serves as a mild command. It is formed by placing the particle na before the future form of the verb. When used in the first person, it gives the impression that the speaker closely reflects on the action before performing it.
Third-person subjunctive | First-person subjunctive |
Na SJV kɨ́vɨ-de shall-enter–he ve'e. house "Let him enter the house" |
Na SJV kí'ín-na. shall-go–I "Then I shall go" |
- Counter-factual mood
The counter-factual
- Use of counter-factual verbs, formed by changing the tone of the past indicative.
Ní-jí'í-de
CNTF-PST-took–he
tajna̱
medicine
chi
and
je
already
ni-nduva̱'a-de.
past–cured–he
"If he had taken the medicine, he would be better by now"
- Use of a simple counter-factual sentence
Ní-jí'í-de
CNTF-PST–took–he
tajna̱.
medicine
"If only he had taken the medicine!"
- Use of a simple counter-factual sentence, with núú.
Ní-jí'í-de
CNTF-PST–took–he
tajna̱
medicine
núú.
CNTF
"If only he had taken the medicine!"
Núú
CNTF
ní-jí'í-de
CNTF-PST–took–he
tajna̱.
medicine
"If only he had taken the medicine!"
- Use of a simple counter-factual sentence, with núu (a conditional conjunction not to be confused with the mood particle described above)
Núu
if
ní-jí'í-de
CNTF-took–he
tajna̱.
medicine
CNTF
"If only he had taken the medicine!" Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 3 word(s) in line 1, 4 word(s) in line 2 (help);
- Use of a simple counter-factual with modal, in future tense
Kiji-de
CNTF-PST-shall-come
te
and
tu
not
ni-kúu.
past-can
"He was going to come, but was unable to"
Nouns
Nouns indicate persons, animals, inanimate objects or abstract ideas. Mixtec has few nouns for abstract ideas; when they do not exist, it uses verbal constructions instead. When a noun is followed by another in a sentence, the former serves as the nucleus of the phrase, with the latter acting as a modifier. In many such constructions, the modifier possesses the nucleus.
- Nouns as modifiers:
Ndu̱yu
stake
ka̱a
metal
"Nail"
- Modifiers possessing the nucleus of the phrase:
Ina
dog
te̱e
man
yúkuan
that
"That man's dog"
The base number of Mixtec nouns is singular. Pluralisation is effected by means of various grammatical and lexical tools. For example, a noun's number can be implicit if the phrase uses a plural pronoun (first person inclusive only) or if one of various verb affixes that modify the meaning are used: -koo and -ngoo (suffixes) and ka- (prefix). A third way to indicate a plural is the (untranslatable) particle jijná'an, which can be placed before or after verbs, pronouns, or nouns.
- Pluralisation indicated by the presence of the first-person-inclusive pronoun
Te
and
máá
same
yó-kúu
we-are
ñayuu
person
yúku
we-live
ndé
up-to
lugar
place
yá'a
this
"We are the ones who live in this place"
- Pluralisation with affixes: prefix ka- before the verb
Te
And
sukúan
so
kándo'o
PL-suffer
ñayuu
person
"In that way people suffer"
- Pluralisation with affixes: suffix -koo after the verb
Te
And
ni-kekoo
PST-arrived-PL
te̱e
man
ún
he
"The men arrived"
Demonstratives
Deictic adverbs are often used in a noun phrase as demonstrative adjectives.[24] Some Mixtec languages distinguish two such demonstratives, others three (proximal, medial, distal), and some four (including one that indicates something out of sight). The details vary from variety to variety, as do the actual forms. In some varieties one of these demonstratives is also used anaphorically (to refer to previously mentioned nominals in the discourse), and in some varieties a special anaphoric demonstrative (with no spatial use) is found. These demonstratives generally occur at the end of the noun phrase (sometimes followed by a "limiter"). The demonstratives are also used (in some varieties) following a pronominal head as a kind of complex pronoun.
Conjunctions
- Coordinating conjunctions:
- te (and, but)
- te o (but)
- jíín (and)
- chi (because, and)
- chí (or)
- á... chí (either... or)
- ni... ni... (neither... nor)
- sa/sa su'va (but rather that)
- yu̱kúan na (then, so)
- yu̱kúan (so)
- je̱e yu̱kúan (for)
- suni (also)
- Subordinating conjunctions:
- náva̱'a (so that)
- je̱e (that)
- sɨkɨ je̱e (because)
- nájnu̱n (how)
- ve̱sú (although)
- núu (if)
- na/ níní na (when)
- ná/ níní (while)
- nde (until, since)
- kue̱chi (no more)
Word order in the clause
Mixtec is a
Mixtec influence on Spanish
Perhaps the most significant contribution of the Mixtec language to Mexican Spanish is in the field of place names, particularly in the western regions of the state of Oaxaca, where several communities are still known by Mixtec names (joined with a saint's name): San Juan Ñumí, San Bartolo Yucuañe, Santa Cruz Itundujia, and many more. In Puebla and Guerrero, Mixtec place names have been displaced by Nahuatl and Spanish names. An example is Yucu Yuxin (in Puebla), which is now known as Gabino Barreda.
Spanish words used in Mixtec languages are also those that were brought by the Spanish like some fruits and vegetables. An example is limun (in San Martin Duraznos Oaxaca), which is known as
Mixtec literature
Prior to the Spanish Conquest in the early 16th century, the native peoples of Mesoamerica maintained several literary genres. Their compositions were transmitted orally, through institutions at which members of the elite would acquire knowledge of literature and other areas of intellectual activity. Those institutions were mostly destroyed in the aftermath of the Conquest, as a result of which most of the indigenous oral tradition was lost forever. Most of the codices used to record historical events or mythical understanding of the world were destroyed, and the few that remain were taken away from the peoples that created them. Four
However, the early Spanish missionaries undertook the task of teaching indigenous peoples (the nobility in particular) to read and write using the
It was not until the 1990s that indigenous literature in Mexico took off again. At the vanguard were the Zapotecs of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, who had been recording their language in writing since at least the mid-19th century. Imitating the great cultural movement of the indigenous people of Juchitán de Zaragoza in the 1980s, many native cultures reclaimed their languages as literary vehicles. In 1993 the Asociación de Escritores en Lenguas Indígenas was created and, three years later, the Casa del Escritor en Lengua Indígena. At the same time, the Nezahualcóyotl Prize for indigenous language literature was created, in order to promote writing in Native American tongues.
In the Mixteca region, the literary renaissance has been led by the peoples of the
See also
- Classification of Mixtec languages
- Indigenous languages of the Americas
- Languages of Mexico
- Mixtec (indigenous peoples of Mexico)
- Oto-Manguean languages
- Technological University of the Mixteca
- Trique language
Notes
- ^ Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020 INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
- ^ "Mixtec". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ 2000 census; the numbers are based on the number of the total population for each group and the percentages of speakers given on the website of the Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=660, accessed 28 July 2008).
- ^ "Tabulados Interactivos-Genéricos". www.inegi.org.mx. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
- ^ "Western Baja Mixtec".
- ^ "Glottolog 4.4 – Mixtec".
- ^ Campbell 1997:402)
- ^ INALI, 2008: Segunda sección 84-Tercera sección 3)
- ^ Melissa Flores (2012-01-23). "Salinas hospital to train indigenous-language interpreters". Healthy Cal. Archived from the original on 2012-01-29. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
- ^ "Natividad Medical Foundation Announces Indigenous Interpreting+ Community and Medical Interpreting Business". Market Wired. 2014-03-07. Archived from the original on Mar 13, 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
- ^ Almanzan, Krista (2014-03-27). "Indigenous Interpreting Program Aims to be Far Reaching". 90.3 KAZU. Retrieved 2014-04-06.
- ^ See Josserand (1983) for one important attempt. Adaptations of Josserand's dialect maps are published in Macaulay 1996.
- ^ "Ethnologue name language index", Ethnologue web site, accessed 28 July 2008.
- ^ Macauley, Monica (1996). A grammar of Chalcatongo Mixtec. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 12.
- ^ McKendry (2001)
- ^ Hollenbach (1984)
- ^ Longacre (1957)
- ^ Marlett (1992), McKendry (2001)
- ^ Macaulay and Salmons (1995)
- ^ DiCanio, C. T., Zhang, C., Whalen, D. H., & García, R. C. (2019). Phonetic structure in Yoloxóchitl Mixtec consonants. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. doi:10.1017/S0025100318000294
- ^ DiCanio, C. T., Amith, J., & García, R. C. (2012). Phonetic Alignment in Yoloxóchitl Mixtec Tone. Presented at the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA).
- ^ DiCanio, Christian & Ryan Bennett. (To appear). Prosody in Mesoamerican Languages (pre-publication version). In C. Gussenhoven & A. Chen (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Prosody.
- ^ Alexander (1980:57ff)
- ^ Bradley and Hollenbach (1988, 1990, 1991, 1992).
- ^ Terraciano (2004) The Mixtecs of Colonial Oaxaca: Ñudzahui History, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries
- "Estadística básica de la población hablante de lenguas indígenas nacionales 2015". site.inali.gob.mx. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
References
- Bradley, C. Henry & Barbara E. Hollenbach, eds. 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992. Studies in the syntax of Mixtecan languages, volumes 1–4. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics; [Arlington, Texas:] University of Texas at Arlington.
- Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (2008). Catálogo de Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales. Diario Oficial de la Nación, January 14.
- Jiménez Moreno, Wigberto. 1962. Estudios mixtecos. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista (INI); Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH). (Reprint of the introduction to the Vocabulario en lengua mixteca by Fray Francisco de Alvarado.)
- Josserand, Judy Kathryn. 1983. Mixtec Dialect History. Ph.D. Dissertation, Tulane University.
- Macaulay, Monica & Joe Salmons. 1995. The phonology of glottalization in Mixtec. International Journal of American Linguistics 61(1):38–61.
- Marlett, Stephen A. 1992. Nasalization in Mixtec languages. International Journal of American Linguistics 58(4):425–435.
- McKendry, Inga. 2001. Two studies of Mixtec languages. M.A. thesis. University of North Dakota.
External links
- Technological University of the Mixteca
- Spanish–Mixtec dictionary AULEX (Mexico)
- Comparative Mixtec Swadesh vocabulary list (from Wiktionary)
- SEP textbook in Guerrero Mountain Mixtec
- Mixtec family (SIL-Mexico)
- Resources for certain varieties of Mixtec
- Digital edition of Josserand (1983) at AILLA(requires creation of free account)