Mongol invasion of India (1297–1298)

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Battle of Jaran-Manjur 1298
Part of Mongol invasions of India
Date6 February 1298
Location
Jaran-Manjur (variously identified as a place in Sindh, a place near Lahore, or Jalandhar)
Result Indian victory
Territorial
changes		 Mongol forces expelled from India
Belligerents
Chagatai Khanate Delhi Sultanate
Commanders and leaders
Kadar Ulugh Khan
Zafar Khan
Casualties and losses
20,000 killed, several captured (claim by Delhi chronicler Amir Khusrau) Unknown

In the winter of 1297, Kadar, a

Punjab region of modern day Pakistan and India, advancing as far as Kasur. Alauddin sent an army led by his brother Ulugh Khan (and probably Zafar Khan
) to check their advance. This army defeated the invaders on 6 February 1298, killing around 20,000 of them, and forcing the Mongols to retreat.

Mongol raids

The

Jalaluddin also faced a Mongol invasion, and managed to halt it. During Alauddin's reign, the Mongols invaded India again: compared to the previous invasions, these were large-scale invasions. The first of these invasions was ordered by the Mongol ruler Duwa, who sent his noyan Kadar (or Keder) to India with a 100,000-strong force.[1]

In the winter of 1297-98, Kadar invaded and ravaged the

Punjab region of the Delhi Sultanate, which was ruled by Alauddin Khalji.[2] Alauddin's courtier Amir Khusrau mentions that the Mongols reached India by crossing the Sulaiman Mountains. They crossed the major rivers of the Punjab, and burnt the Khokhar villages. They advanced up to Kasur, where they destroyed houses: according Khusrau, the light emitted from the burning of the houses could be seen from the suburbs of the city.[3]

Alauddin's retaliation

When Alauddin learned about the havoc caused by the Mongols, he directed his brother and general

Sutlej River.[3]

According to the contemporary chronicler

`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni (16th century) names the site as Jaran Manjur. Nizamuddin Ahmad Harawi (17th century) states that the site was located in Sindh.[6]

At the battle site, Ulugh Khan ordered his soldiers to cross the Sutlej River without the boats.[3] According to Khusrau, 20,000 Mongols were killed in the ensuing battle. He boasts that the Mongols "fled like ants and locusts, and were trampled like ants". The wounded among the Mongols were beheaded, and the other survivors were put into chains. The prisoners were brought to Delhi, where they were trampled to death by elephants.[3]

The victory increased Alauddin's prestige, and stabilized his position on the throne of Delhi, which he had ascended recently in 1296.[5]

References

  1. ^ Kishori Saran Lal 1950, p. 152.
  2. ^ Peter Jackson 2003, p. 221.
  3. ^ a b c d e Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992, p. 332.
  4. ^ Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992, p. 336.
  5. ^ a b Kishori Saran Lal 1950, p. 153.
  6. ^ a b Nizamuddin Ahmad 1927, p. 156.

Bibliography

  • OCLC 31870180
    .
  • OCLC 685167335
    .
  • Nizamuddin Ahmad (1927). The Tabaqat-i-Akbari. Bibliotheca Indica. Vol. 1. Translated by B. De. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal.
  • ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3
    .
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