Mycena stylobates

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Mycena stylobates
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Mycenaceae
Genus: Mycena
Species:
M. stylobates
Binomial name
Mycena stylobates
Synonyms[1]
  • Agaricus stylobates Pers. (1801)
  • Agaricus dilatatus Fr. (1815)
  • Agaricus torquatus Fr. (1821)
  • Mycena torquata (Fr.) P.Kumm. (1871)
  • Mycena dilatata (Fr.)
    Gillet
    (1876)
  • Chamaeceras torquatus (Fr.) Kuntze (1898)
  • Marasmius torquatus (Fr.) Massee (1902)
  • Basidopus stylobates (Pers.) Earle (1909)
  • Pseudomycena stylobates (Pers.) Cejp (1930)
Mycena stylobates
saprotrophic
Edibility is inedible

Mycena stylobates, commonly known as the bulbous bonnet, is a species of inedible

coniferous trees. The mushroom's spores are white in deposit, smooth, and ellipsoid-shaped with dimensions of 6–10 by 3.5–4.5 μm. In the development of the fruit body, the preliminary stipe and cap structures appear at the same time within the primordium, and hyphae originating from the stipe form a cover over the developing structures. The mycelia of the mushroom is believed to have bioluminescent
properties.

Taxonomy

The species was first named Agaricus stylobates by

Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801,[2] and sanctioned under this name by Elias Magnus Fries.[3] It was later transferred to the genus Mycena in 1871 by Paul Kummer when he raised many of Fries' "tribes" to the rank of genus.[4] The species has also been placed in the genera Basidopus by Franklin Sumner Earle in 1909,[5] and Pseudomycena by Karel Cejp in 1930;[6] both of those genera have since been subsumed into Mycena.[7]

The Greek word stylobates means "column foundation or base".[8] The mushroom is commonly known as the "bulbous bonnet".[9] British mycologist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke called it the "discoid Mycena" in his 1871 Handbook of British Fungi.[10]

Description

The delicate stipe rests atop a flat circular disc.

The cap of M. stylobates is 3–15 mm (0.1–0.6 in) in diameter, and depending on its age may range in shape from obtusely conic to convex to bell-shaped to flattened. The structure of the cap margin also depends on the age of the mushroom, progressing from straight or curved inward slightly, to margin flaring or curved backward. The cap surface is smooth, although if viewed with a magnifying glass, minute spines can be seen. As it ages, the surface becomes smooth, moist and somewhat glistening, and it shows grooves corresponding to the position of the gills underneath the cap. The cap color is evenly pale watery gray. The flesh is thin, pallid, and has no distinguishable odor or taste.[11]

The gills appear closely spaced in unexpanded caps, but usually more distant in old individuals. Between 8 and 16 gills extend from the margin to the stipe; there are additionally one or two tiers of small gills (lamellulae) that do not reach fully from the margin to the stipe. The gills are narrow but become ventricose (swelling in the middle) and sometimes very broad in age, and are attached by a line or are very narrowly adnate. Sometimes the gills split away from the stipe while remaining attached to each other; in this way they form a collar around the stipe. Gills are pale gray but soon become whitish, with even edges. The stipe is 10–60 mm (0.4–2.4 in) long, 0.5–1 mm thick, and, above the level of the flat circular disc at the base, is equal in width throughout. The stipe is covered with fine white scattered fibrils, or is delicately pruinose (as if covered with a fine white powder), but it later becomes smooth. Its color is bluish-gray when fresh but soon it fades to gray. The basal disc is grooved (from gill impressions) and pruinose or covered with fine minute hairs, but soon becomes smooth.[11] The insubstantial fruit bodies are considered inedible.[12]

Microscopic characteristics

The

cystidia on the gill face) are not differentiated. The cheilocystidium (cystidia on the gill edge) are abundant and variable in structure, usually club-shaped with between two and five thick obtuse projections that arise from near the apex, sometimes more or less covered with numerous protuberances over the enlarged portion and the neck more or less contorted. They measure 26–38 by 8–13 μm, and are hyaline. The gill flesh is made of greatly enlarged cells, and stains pale vinaceous (red wine color) in iodine. The flesh of the cap has a pellicle which usually gelatinizes in potassium hydroxide or water mounts prepared for microscopy. The surface hyphae are covered with short rodlike projections. Sometimes some of the hyphae become aggregated into peglike structures that project from the surface, and cause the appearance of scattered coarse spines on the cap when viewed under a 10X magnifying lens. The tissue beneath the pellicle is made entirely of greatly enlarged cells, which appear pale vinaceous in iodine stain.[11]

The

pure culture, is bioluminescent, a phenomenon first reported in 1931.[13] The fruit bodies are not known to be bioluminescent.[14]

Similar species

There are several species of Mycena that have a basal disc similar to M. stylobates. Mycena mucor is usually smaller than M. stylobates, and grows on fallen, decaying leaves of oak. It has different cheilocystidia, with very slender excrescences. Also, the margin of the basal disc is not ciliate like M. stylobates. M. bulbosa, a species that grows on woody stalks in wet habitats, has nonamyloid spores, and gill edges that contain a tough-elastic, gelatinous thread.[15] M. pseudoseta, described as a new species from Thailand in 2003 forms smaller fruit bodies with differently shaped cheilocystidia and cap hyphae.[16]

Fruit body development

The

alveolae on the lower side of the cap, which are covered with a hymenophoral palisade (a group of tightly packed, roughly parallel cells). The margins of these alveolae form the primary gills. The hymenophoral palisade spreads from the developing alveolae to the gill edge; the edge of the primary gills is forked in the early stages of its development. The secondary gills (lamellulae) are formed by the ridges folding down from the lower side of the cap. In contrast to the primary gills, they are covered with hymenophoral palisade from the beginning. Spore production begins immediately after the stipe elongates.[17]

Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies of Mycena stylobates grow scattered or in groups on

Washington in the United States, and in Nova Scotia and Ontario in Canada.[11] It is also found in Europe, including Britain,[12] Denmark,[18] Germany,[19] Norway,[15] Poland,[20] Romania,[21] Scotland,[22] Serbia,[23] Sweden,[24] and Turkey.[citation needed] Although it has been reported several times from Australia, mycologist Cheryl Grgurinovic concluded in a 2003 publication that the records "are best regarded as erroneous".[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Mycena stylobates (Pers.) P. Kumm". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
  2. ^ Persoon CH. (1801). Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (in Latin). Göttingen: Apud H. Dieterich. p. 390. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
  3. ^ Fries EM (1821). Systema Mycologicum. Vol. 1. Mauritius. pp. 153–54. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  4. ^ Kummer P. (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde (in German) (1st ed.). p. 108.
  5. ^ Earle FS. (1906). "The genera of North American gill fungi". Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 5: 373–451.
  6. ^ Cejp K. (1930). "Revise Stredoevropskych Druhu skupiny Omphalia-Mycena II". Spisy Prirodovedeckou Karlovy University (in Czech). 104: 150.
  7. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-8133-3662-6
    . Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  9. ^ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
  10. ISBN 9781110356737
    . Retrieved 2010-09-25.
  11. ^ a b c d Smith, pp. 53–55.
  12. ^
    ISBN 0-7112-2378-5
    . Retrieved 2010-09-21.
  13. S2CID 37761114
    .
  14. S2CID 10637645
    .
  15. ^ a b Aronsen A. "Mycena stylobates". A key to the Mycenas of Norway. Archived from the original on 2010-10-12. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
  16. ^ Desjardin DE, Boonpratuang T, Hywel-Jones N. "New spinose species of Mycena in sections Basipedes and Polyadelphia from Thailand" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 12: 7–17.
  17. doi:10.1017/S0953756201004038
    .
  18. ^ "NERI - The Danish Red Data Book - Mycena stylobates (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kumm". National Environmental Research Institute. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  19. JSTOR 3776760
    .
  20. ISSN 0459-9551
    .
  21. ^ Silaghi G. "New species of Mycena for the mycological flora of the Popular Republic of Rumania". Studii şi Cercetări Biologie. 10 (2): 195–202.
  22. JSTOR 4108295
    .
  23. ^ Ivancevic B, Beronja J (2004). "First records of macromycetes from the Serbian side of Stara Planina Mts (Balkan Range)" (PDF). Mycologia Balcanica. 1: 15–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  24. JSTOR 3682340
    .
  25. ISBN 978-962-86765-2-1
    .

Cited text

  • Smith AH. (1947). North American Species of Mycena. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

External links

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