Nicolas Chamfort
Nicolas Chamfort | |
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Born | Clermont-Ferrand, France | 6 April 1741
Died | 13 April 1794 Paris, France | (aged 53)
Occupation(s) | Playwright, writer |
Known for | Epigrams and aphorisms |
French and Francophone literature |
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Sébastien-Roch Nicolas, known in his adult life as Nicolas Chamfort and as Sébastien Nicolas de Chamfort (French:
Biography
There are two birth certificates for Chamfort. The first, from Saint-Genès parish in Clermont-Ferrand, the capital city of Auvergne, says he was born there on 6 April 1741, the son of a grocer with the surname of Nicolas, and that he was given the name "Sébastien-Roch", so that his full name was Sébastien-Roch Nicolas. But a second birth certificate gives him the name "Sébastien Roch" and says he was born on 22 June, of "unknown parents", and some scholars argue that he was not born but baptized on that day. Local tradition said that he was the love child of an aristocratic woman, Jacqueline de Montrodeix (née Cisternes de Vinzelles), and of a clergyman named Pierre Nicolas; and that he was then given for adoption to the grocer, who was a relative of the biological father.[1]
At the age of nine he was sent to Paris to study as a scholarship student at the Collège des Grassins. He worked hard, although one of his most contemptuous epigrams reads: "What I learned I no longer know; the little I still know, I guessed" ("Ce que j'ai appris je ne le sais plus; le peu que je sais encore, je l'ai deviné.") He was a brilliant though dreamy student. When the principal of the college promised him a stipend, he replied that he could not accept because he preferred honour to honours: "J'aime l'honneur et non-les honneurs".
Upon graduation he assumed the name of Chamfort.
For some time he subsisted by teaching and
Until then, he lived from hand to mouth, mainly on the hospitality of people who gave him board and lodging in exchange for the pleasure of the conversation for which he was famous.
In 1775, while taking the waters at Barges, he met the duchesse de Grammont, sister of
He was a member of the Masonic lodge Les Neuf Sœurs.
In 1784, through the influence of
The outbreak of the
With the reign of
Suicide attempt
Unable to tolerate the prospect of being imprisoned once more, in September 1793 he locked himself into his office and shot himself in the face. The pistol malfunctioned and he did not die even though he shot off his nose and his right eye. He then repeatedly stabbed his neck with a razor, but failed to cut an artery. He finally used the razor to stab himself in the chest and to cut his own hocks, aiming at the veins.[2] He dictated to those who came to arrest him the well-known declaration Moi, Sebastien-Roch Nicolas de Chamfort, déclare avoir voulu mourir en homme libre plutôt que d'être reconduit en esclave dans une maison d'arrêt ("I, Sebastien-Roch Nicolas de Chamfort, hereby declare my wish to die a free man rather than to be brought (again) as a slave in a prison") which he signed in a firm hand.[3] His butler found him unconscious in a pool of blood. From then until his death in Paris the following year, he suffered intensely and was attended to by a gendarme, whom he paid a crown a day.
To the Abbé Sieyès Chamfort had given fortune in the title of a pamphlet (Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-État ? Tout. Qu'a-t-il ? Rien), and Sieyès was likewise the person to whom he told his famous sarcastic bon mot Ah ! mon ami, je m'en vais enfin de ce monde, où il faut que le cœur se brise ou se bronze (And so I leave this world, where the heart must either break or turn to lead.) Thus the maker of constitutions followed the dead wit to the grave.
Writings
The writings of Chamfort include comedies, political articles, literary criticisms, portraits, letters, and verses. His Maximes et Pensées, highly praised by John Stuart Mill, are, after those of La Rochefoucauld, among the most brilliant and suggestive sayings of the modern era. His aphorisms, less systematic and psychologically less important than those of La Rochefoucauld, are as significant in their violence and iconoclastic spirit of the period of storm and preparation that gave them birth as the Réflexions in their exquisite restraint and elaborate subtlety are characteristic of the tranquil elegance of their epoch. Moreover, they have the advantage of richness of colour, picturesqueness of phrase, passion, and audacity. Sainte-Beuve compares them to well-minted coins that retain their value, and to keen arrows that arrivent brusquement et sifflent encore. Although situated at the exact opposite of the political spectrum (see French Revolution) the maxims of Antoine de Rivarol are among those that easily compare in acidity and brilliance.
Works
- Praise of Molière, crowned (1769)
- The Fountain of Praise (1774)
- The young Indian (1764); La Jeune Indienne: Comédie en Un Acte Et en Vers. Princeton University Press. 1945.
- The Merchant of Smythe, comedy
- Mustapha and Zéangir, tragedy.[4]
Collected works
- By Pierre Louis GINGUENE, 1795, 4 vols.
- Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1968). P. R. Auguis (ed.). Oeuvres complètes de Chamfort. Slatkine. (original edition Auguis, 1824, 5 vol.)
- Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1969). Products of the perfected civilization: selected writings of Chamfort. Translator William Stanley Merwin. Macmillan.
- Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1794). Oeuvres de Chamfort. Vol. 1. Imprimerie des sciences et arts.
- Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1794). Oeuvres de Chamfort. Vol. 2. Imprimerie des sciences et arts.
- Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1794). Oeuvres de Chamfort. Vol. 3. Imprimerie des sciences et arts.
- Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1794). Oeuvres de Chamfort. Vol. 4. Imprimerie des sciences et arts.
- Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1812). Oeuvres complètes de Chamfort, de l'académie française. Vol. 1 (3 ed.). Maradan.
- Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1812). Oeuvres complètes de Chamfort, de l'académie française. Vol. 2 (3 ed.). Maradan.
- Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1824). Pierre-René Auguis (ed.). Oeuvres complètes de Chamfort: recueillies et publiées avec une notice historique sur la vie et les écrits de l'auteur. Vol. 1. Chaumerot Jeune.
- Pierre-René Auguis, ed. (1824). Oeuvres complètes de Chamfort. Vol. 4. Chaumerot Jeune.
- Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1824). Pierre-René Auguis (ed.). Oeuvres complètes de Chamfort, de l'académie française. Vol. 5. Maradan.
References
- ^ Maurice Pellisson, Chamfort : étude sur vie, son caractère et ses écrits, Paris, 1895, ch. 1 : « Origine et éducation ». Julien Teppe, Chamfort, sa vie, son œuvre, sa pensée, P. Clairac, 1950, p. 23. Claude Arnaud, Chamfort : A Biography, p. 3.
- ^ Oeuvres de Chamfort, tome I. Paris: Chez le directeur de l'Imprimerie des sciences et arts. 1794. p. LXI.
- ^ Oeuvres de Chamfort, tome I. Paris: Chez le directeur de l'Imprimerie des sciences et arts. 1794. p. LXII.
- ^ Dictionnaire Bouillet
Sources
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chamfort, Sebastien Roch Nicolas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 824. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Further reading
- Renato Fondi (1916). Chamfort. Casa Editrice Rinascimento.
- Claude Arnaud (1992). Chamfort, a biography. Translator: Deke Dusinberre. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-02697-8.
chamfort.